A Review of Current Approaches to Evaluating and Reimbursing New Medicines in a Subset of OECD Countries.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to review the current evaluation and funding processes for new drugs in different developed countries, to provide a comparative framework with detailed, homogeneous, and up-to-date information.

Methods: Scientific publications, reports and websites were reviewed between July and December 2021 using PubMed, Google Scholar, and grey literature sources. The main items searched were actors and processes, including timelines, characteristics of clinical and economic evaluations, participation of stakeholders, elements of price and reimbursement decisions, cost-effectiveness thresholds and specific funds.

The social value of a PASI 90 or PASI 100 response in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in Spain.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic disease involving the skin, which significantly impacts the quality of life. Disease severity and treatment efficacy (i.e.

A multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) applied to three long-term prophylactic treatments for hereditary angioedema in Spain.

Introduction: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease that impairs quality of life and could be life-threatening. The aim of this study was to apply a multicriteria decision analysis to assess the value of three long-term prophylactic (LTP) therapies for HAE in Spain.

Methods: A multidisciplinary committee of 10 experts assessed the value of lanadelumab (subcutaneous use), C1-inhibitor (C1-INH; intravenous), and danazol (orally), using placebo as comparator.

Optimising the management of patients with multiple myeloma in Spain: A measurement of the social return on investment.

Objective: The aim of this study was to reach a consensus on a set of proposals to optimise the disease management of Multiple myeloma (MM) within the Spanish National Health System (SNHS) and to apply the Social Return on Investment (SROI) method to estimate their social impact.

Methods: A Multidisciplinary Working Team (MWT) including MM main stakeholders was organised. A survey was administered to gather information from patients regarding the impact of MM on different life domains.

A Social Return on Investment Analysis of Improving the Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Within the Spanish National Healthcare System.

Purpose: To define a set of proposals that would improve the current management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) within the Spanish National Healthcare System (SNHS) from a comprehensive multidisciplinary perspective and to assess the impact of its implementation from clinical, healthcare, economic, and social perspectives.

Patients And Methods: A group of 20 stakeholders related to COPD (healthcare professionals, patients, and informal caregivers, among others) participated in an online Delphi process to agree on a set of 15 proposals that would improve the current management of COPD within the SNHS in four areas: diagnosis, risk stratification, management of exacerbations, and management of stable COPD. A one-year forecast-type social return on investment (SROI) analysis was used to estimate the impact that implementing the set of proposals would have in relation to the investment required.

The economic burden of pulmonary arterial hypertension in Spain.

Background: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a rare, debilitating, and potentially fatal disease. This study aims to quantify the economic burden of PAH in Spain.

Methods: The study was conducted from a societal perspective, including direct and indirect costs associated with incident and prevalent patients.

The impact of improving haemophilia A management within the Spanish National Healthcare System: a social return on investment analysis.

Background: Haemophilia A (HA) has been associated with poor health-related quality of life and a large economic burden, accentuated by severity, arthropathy, and inhibitors. To meet global standards of care, the management of HA should align with the principles of care outlined by the World Federation of Haemophilia. The aims of the present study were to establish a set of proposals to improve HA management within the Spanish National Health System (SNHS) and to estimate the impact its hypothetical implementation would generate from a clinical, healthcare, economic, and social perspective.

Impact of Remdesivir on the Treatment of COVID-19 During the First Wave in Spain.

Introduction: Spain was one of the most affected countries during the first wave of COVID-19, having the highest mortality rate in Europe. The aim of this retrospective study is to estimate the impact that remdesivir-the first drug for COVID-19 approved in the EU-would have had in the first wave.

Methods: This study simulated the impact that remdesivir could have had on the Spanish National Health System (SNHS) capacity (bed occupancy) and the number of deaths that could have been prevented, based on two scenarios: a real-life scenario (without remdesivir) and an alternative scenario (with remdesivir).

Improving rheumatoid arthritis management within the Spanish National Health System: a social return on investment study.

Objectives: To define a set of proposals that would improve the current management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) within the Spanish National Health System (SNHS), and to estimate the impact of their implementation from a social perspective.

Methods: A one-year forecast-type Social Return on Investment (SROI) analysis was performed on the basis of information collected from a scientific literature review, official data, and multiple stakeholders regarding RA. A sub-analysis was performed within the areas of diagnosis, early RA (<2 years from diagnosis), and established RA (≥2 years from diagnosis).

Social economic costs of ankylosing spondylitis in Spain.

Objectives: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a disease associated with a high number of comorbidities, chronic pain, functional disability, and resource consumption. The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of AS in Spain.

Methods: A questionnaire, designed for the development of the "Atlas of Axial Spondyloarthritis in Spain 2017" cross-sectional study, was distributed to patients in 2016.

Social value of a set of proposals for the ideal approach of multiple sclerosis within the Spanish National Health System: a social return on investment study.

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease that in many cases produces disability, having a high impact in patients' lives, reducing significantly their quality of life. The aim of this study was to agree on a set of proposals to improve the current management of MS within the Spanish National Health System (SNHS) and apply the Social Return on Investment (SROI) method to measure the potential social impact these proposals would create.

Methods: A Multidisciplinary Working Team of nine experts, with representation from the main stakeholders regarding MS, was set up to agree on a set of proposals to improve the management of MS.

The social return on investment of a new approach to heart failure in the Spanish National Health System.

Aims: We aim to agree on a set of proposals to improve the current management of heart failure (HF) within the Spanish National Health System (SNHS) and apply the social return on investment (SROI) method to measure the social impact that these proposals would generate.

Methods And Results: A multidisciplinary working team of 16 experts was set up, with representation from the main stakeholders regarding HF: medical specialists (cardiologists, internal medicine physicians, general practitioners, and geriatric physicians), nursing professionals, health management professionals, patients, and informal caregivers. This team established a set of proposals to improve the management of HF according to the main areas of HF care: emergency and hospitalization, primary care, cardiology, and internal medicine.

Health-related quality of life of patients diagnosed with COPD in Extremadura, Spain: results from an observational study.

Background: COPD is a high prevalence chronic disease that involves large reductions of health-related quality of life (HRQL) of patients. This study aims to describe the HRQL of patients with COPD in Extremadura (Spain).

Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study carried out using a representative sample of patients diagnosed with COPD in Extremadura.

The Cost of Postoperative Complications and Economic Validation of the Comprehensive Complication Index: Prospective Study.

Objective: To validate the Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI) via an assessment of its relation to postoperative costs.

Background: The CCI summarizes all the postoperative complications graded by the Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC) on a numerical scale. Its relation to hospital costs has not been validated to date.

The Economic Influence of Breastfeeding on the Health Cost of Newborns.

Background: Breastfeeding provides health benefits for women and newborns. However, few studies have explored how these health benefits translate into economic savings.

Research Aim: This study aimed to estimate the healthcare costs savings generated by exclusive breastfeeding for healthy newborns.

Atlas of axial spondyloarthritis in Spain 2017: Study design and population.

Objective: Atlas of Axial Spondyloarthritis in Spain 2017 aims to better understand the reality of the patients suffering from this disease from an integrated approach.

Methods: The Atlas 2017 based its results on an extensive cross-sectional patient survey conducted in Spain (2016), validated by a multidisciplinary group of experts on spondyloarthritis.

Results: Data from 680 patients with axSpA were obtained, most of them suffered from AS, were HLA-B27 positive, older than 45 years, and live as part of a couple.

Multi-Indication Pricing: Nice in Theory but Can it Work in Practice?

For medicines with different valued indications (uses), multi-indication pricing implies charging different prices for different uses. In this article, we assess how multi-indication pricing could help achieve overall strategic objectives of pricing controls, summarise its advantages and disadvantages (vs. uniform pricing) and estimate the hypothetical impact on prices of moving towards multi-indication pricing for specific oncologic medicines in Spain.

Social economic costs of COPD in Extremadura (Spain): an observational study.

Purpose: COPD has been associated with a high number of comorbidities and a relatively high level of health care resource utilization. This study aimed to estimate the social economic impact of COPD in the autonomous community of Extremadura (Spain) in 2015.

Patients And Methods: This is a retrospective observational study carried out using a representative sample of patients diagnosed with COPD in Extremadura.

The economic burden of disease of epithelial ovarian cancer in Spain: the OvarCost study.

Objective: To assess the economic burden of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in incident patients and the burden by disease stage in Spain.

Methods: We developed a Markov model from a social perspective simulating the natural history of EOC and its four stages, with a 10-year time horizon, 3-week cycles, 3% discount rate, and 2016 euros. Healthcare resource utilization and costs were estimated by disease stage.

The impact of obesity on health-related quality of life in Spain.

Background: It is well documented that obesity is strongly associated with mortality and morbidity, but less is known about its impact on functional status and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The purpose of this study was to calculate the impact of the Body Mass Index (BMI) on the HRQOL of the Spanish adult population, with special emphasis on BMI ≥ 35.

Methods: We used the Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS) 2011-2012 to assess the statistical association between HRQOL, measured through the EuroQol-5D-5L questionnaire, and the BMI.

The Impact of Severe Obesity on Healthcare Resource Utilisation in Spain.

Background: Obesity is not only a health problem but also a source of increased monetary expenditures. The objectives of this study were to analyse the use of healthcare resources in the Spanish adult population with class II obesity and above (BMI ≥35 kg/m) and to compare it with other BMI groups.

Method: We used the Spanish National Health Survey, a longitudinal population-based survey (n = 18,682), to analyse healthcare resource utilisation by BMI groups.

Women with urinary incontinence in Spain: Health-related quality of life and the use of healthcare resources.

Objectives: To describe Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and healthcare resource utilization in women aged 60 and over in Spain.

Design: Descriptive analysis of primary data from the Spanish National Health Survey, 2012.

Main Outcome Measures: Utility indices were obtained through the EQ5D5L questionnaire included in the survey, and utilization rates of consultations, hospitalizations, emergency services, and medication intake.

Quality of life and use of health care resources among patients with chronic depression.

Purpose: This study estimates the health-related quality of life and the health care resource utilization of patients diagnosed with chronic depression (CD) in Spain.

Patients And Methods: We used the Spanish National Health Survey 2011-2012, a cross-sectional survey representative at the national level, that selects people aged between 18 and 64 years (n=14,691). We estimated utility indices through the EuroQol five-dimensional descriptive system questionnaire included in the survey.