Liver histopathological and oxidative stress assessment by a combination of formaldehyde and oxytetracycline in sea bass ( L).

Background: Formaldehyde (FA) and oxytetracycline (OTC) are the chemicals commonly used in aquaculture to prevent or treat fish diseases due to protozoa, parasites, and bacteria.

Aim: The goal of the present study is to assess the liver injury and oxidative stress induced by exposure of sea bass ( L) to therapeutic doses of FA (200 ml.m) and OTC (40 g.

Effect of humic acid and probiotics on immunity of broiler chickens.

Background: The immune system in chickens has a fundamental role in controlling many diseases based on vaccination, thus enhancement of the immune system response is a priority.

Aim: The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of probiotics and humic acid on immunity of broiler chickens.

Methods: Day-old 300 Ross broiler chicks were segregated into 5 groups of 60 chicks per group.

Generation of an inactivated vaccine for avian pathogenic using microarrays: A more rational approach to inactivated vaccine design.

Background: remains a major pathogen of poultry. Most vaccines are inactivated and produced empirically. Although inactivated vaccines have been produced by culture under conditions of Fe deprivation, no vaccines have been produced which are likely to express all the proteins expressed during infection of antigen-presenting cells.