Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Fexofenadine: A Systematic Review.

Fexofenadine hydrochloride is a widely prescribed drug for treating histamine-mediated allergic reactions. This review systematically collates existing research on the clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) of fexofenadine, with a copious emphasis on examining the impact of stereoisomerism, disease states, and drug interactions. The search engines PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were scanned systematically for articles concerning the clinical PK of fexofenadine in humans.

Integration of Ontogeny-Based Changes for Predicting the Exposure of Diphenhydramine in the Pediatric Population: A PBPK Modeling Approach.

Background: Diphenhydramine is an anti-tussive used periodically to treat seasonal colds, contact dermatitis, and anaphylactic reactions. This study aimed to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of diphenhydramine in predicting its systemic exposure among healthy pediatrics (children and adolescents) by leveraging data files from adults (young and elderly).

Methods: The data profiles comprising serum/plasma concentration over time and parameters related to diphenhydramine were scrutinized via exhaustive literature analysis and consolidated in the PK-Sim software version 11.

Model-Based Dose Selection of a Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Modulator, Etrasimod, in Patients with Various Degrees of Hepatic Impairment.

Etrasimod is a newly FDA-approved Sphingosine-1-Phosphate modulator indicated for moderate and severe ulcerative colitis. It is extensively metabolized in the liver via the cytochrome P450 system and may accumulate markedly in patients with hepatic dysfunction, exposing them to toxicity. The aim of the current study is to utilize a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling approach to evaluate the impact of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic behavior of etrasimod and to appropriately select dosage regimens for patients with chronic liver disease; Methods: PK-Sim was used to develop the etrasimod PBPK model, which was verified using clinical data from healthy subjects and subsequently adapted to reflect the physiological changes associated with varying degrees of hepatic dysfunction; Results: Simulations indicated that hepatic clearance of etrasimod is clearly reduced in patients with Child-Pugh B and C liver impairment.

Co-administration of coenzyme Q10 and curcumin mitigates cognitive deficits and exerts neuroprotective effects in aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease in aged mice.

Aluminum chloride (AlCl), a known neurotoxic and Alzheimerogenic metal disrupts redox homeostasis which plays a pivotal role in pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly cognitive decline. The current study was designed to unveil the long-term neuroprotective outcomes and efficacy of CoQ10 and curcumin low dose (100 mg/kg each) combination in 18-months old geriatric male Balb/c mice subjected to AlCl-prompted memory derangements (200 mg/kg in water bottles) for 28 days. The neuroprotective properties driven by antioxidant mechanisms were assessed via observing cellular pathology in key-memory related brain regions including the cornuammonis (CA3 and DG) and cortex 2/3 layer.

Awareness of Hypoglycemic Episodes Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study in 2024.

Background Hypoglycemia, where blood glucose is ≤70 mg/dL, is a serious diabetic complication with high individual and community costs. This study aimed to investigate the level of awareness of hypoglycemic episodes among type 2 diabetic patients in the Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia over 9 months, among 235 type 2 diabetic patients.

Impact of Surgical Timing on Outcomes in Patients With Acute Cholecystitis: A Systematic Review.

This study aims to conduct a thorough analysis of the existing studies to determine how patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) respond to surgical intervention at different times following their diagnosis. To locate studies that met the inclusion criteria, a thorough computerized search of relevant databases was carried out. A comprehensive search was carried out on PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to locate relevant material.

Flourishing levels among health and non-health profession students in Saudi Arabian colleges.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of flourishing among university students, compare these levels between students in health-related and non-health-related colleges, and identify factors that predict flourishing.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, involving 1,148 students from the first to fourth year across both academic sectors. Data were collected utilizing the self-reported Global Flourishing Study Questionnaire (GFS) during the period from September 2023 to June 2024.

Nurse Educators and Faculty Members Challenges Towards Online Teaching During COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis: A Qualitative Descriptive Study.

Aim: The effects of COVID-19 have brought numerous changes in society in the past several months. Lifestyles, business sectors, educational facilities and healthcare services have been greatly affected, causing individuals to be alarmed about future repercussions. This study investigated the various challenges of nursing faculties in conducting online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.

Probiotics by Modulating Gut-Brain Axis Together With Brivaracetam Mitigate Seizure Progression, Behavioral Incongruities, and Prevented Neurodegeneration in Pentylenetetrazole-Kindled Mice.

Background: The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) is a central nexus that integrates higher cognitive and emotional centers of the central nervous system (CNS) within the intricate functioning of the intestine. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysbiosis in the taxonomic diversity of gut flora plays a salient role in the progression of epilepsy and comorbid secondary complications.

Methods: In the current study, we investigated the impact of long-term oral bacteriotherapy (probiotics; 10 mL/kg; 10 colony-forming unit/ml) as an adjunctive treatment intervention with brivaracetam (BRV; 10 mg/kg) over 21 days on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced augmented epileptic response and associated electrographical and behavioral perturbations in mice.

Brivaracetam and rufinamide combination increased seizure threshold and improved neurobehavioral deficits in corneal kindling model of epilepsy.

Background: Besides seizures, a myriad of overlapping neuropsychiatric and cognitive comorbidities occur in patients with epilepsy, which further debilitates their quality of life. This study provides an in-depth characterization of the impact of brivaracetam and rufinamide individually and in combination at 10 and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively, on corneal kindling-induced generalized seizures and behavioral alterations. Furthermore, observed convulsive frequency and behavioral changes were correlated to post-kindling-induced changes in the activity of markers of oxidative stress.

A novel 8-connected Pixel Identity GAN with Neutrosophic (ECP-IGANN) for missing imputation.

Missing pixel imputation presents a critical challenge in image processing and computer vision, particularly in applications such as image restoration and inpainting. The primary objective of this paper is to accurately estimate and reconstruct missing pixel values to restore complete visual information. This paper introduces a novel model called the Enhanced Connected Pixel Identity GAN with Neutrosophic (ECP-IGANN), which is designed to address two fundamental issues inherent in existing GAN architectures for missing pixel generation: (1) mode collapse, which leads to a lack of diversity in generated pixels, and (2) the preservation of pixel integrity within the reconstructed images.

The Economic Burden of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Pakistan: A Cost of Illness Study.

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a highly prevalent disease with a chronic nature and poses a significant health burden worldwide, with no exception in Pakistan. Hence, this study aimed to explore the financial burden of T2DM in Pakistan through cost of illness analysis.

Methods: A prevalence-based, cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured data collection tool from the patient's perspective.

Clinical pharmacokinetics of glipizide: a systematic review.

Introduction: Glipizide is an oral antidiabetic drug widely used to treat non-insulin-dependent type II diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). This systematic review extensively examines all reported pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of glipizide in healthy and diseased populations.

Areas Covered: A total of 31 articles were retrieved after screening various databases, i.

Mitochondrial DNA of the Arabian Camel .

The Camelidae family, ranging from southwest Asia to north Africa, South America, and Australia, includes key domesticated species adapted to diverse environments. Among these, the Arabian camel () is vital to the cultural and economic landscape of the Arabian Peninsula. This review explores the mitochondrial DNA of the dromedary camel, focusing on the D-loop region to understand its genetic diversity, maternal inheritance, and evolutionary history.

Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicardipine; a systematic review.

Introduction: Nicardipine is a type of calcium channel blocker that is commonly used in the treatment of angina pectoris, hypertension, and related cardiovascular disorders. This systematic review assesses the reported pharmacokinetic (PK) and associated pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of nicardipine in humans.

Areas Covered: An exhaustive literature search using four internet databases was conducted up to 5 October 2023, which yielded 871 papers, of which 32 fulfilled the eligibility requirements by including human PK and related PD data.

Dulaglutide rescues the elevated testicular dysfunction in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity.

Obesity is a well-known risk factor for testicular function; however, dulaglutide's effect on the testis in obesity has received little attention. Currently, clinicians prescribe the antidiabetic drug dulaglutide only off-label for weight management in non-diabetics. Investigating the impact of this novel compound on obesity is critical for determining whether it has any disruptive effects on testicular cells.

Theoretical study of the antioxidant mechanism and structure-activity relationships of 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine derivatives: a computational approach.

A theoretical thermodynamic study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activity and mechanism of 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine derivatives (OTP) using a Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach. The study assessed how solvent environments influence the antioxidant properties of these derivatives. With the increasing prevalence of diseases linked to oxidative stress, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases, antioxidants are crucial in mitigating the damage caused by free radicals.

Polycaprolactone-Vitamin E TPGS Micellar Formulation for Oral Delivery of Paclitaxel.

This study aimed to investigate the potential of polycaprolactone-vitamin E TPGS (PCL-TPGS) micelles as a delivery system for oral administration of paclitaxel (PTX). The PCL-TPGS copolymer was synthesized using ring opening polymerization, and PTX-loaded PCL-TPGS micelles (PTX micelles) were prepared via a co-solvent evaporation method. Characterization of these micelles included measurements of size, polydispersity, and encapsulation efficiency.

Clinical pharmacokinetics of cefpodoxime: a systematic review.

Introduction: Cefpodoxime, a third-generation cephalosporin, is a broad-spectrum antibiotic widely used to treat acute upper respiratory tract infections (RTI). This systematic review aims to present a comprehensive view of all the available pharmacokinetics (PK) data associated with the pharmacodynamics (PD) parameters of cefpodoxime in humans.

Areas Covered: The PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Science Direct, were systematically searched to identify studies on the PK of cefpodoxime.

A Comprehensive Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Predicting Vildagliptin Pharmacokinetics: Insights into Dosing in Renal Impairment.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is of great importance in the field of medicine. This study aims to construct a PBPK model, which can provide reliable drug pharmacokinetic (PK) predictions in both healthy and chronic kidney disease (CKD) subjects. To do so, firstly a review of the literature was thoroughly conducted and the PK information of vildagliptin was collected.

Increased Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier in a Diabetic Mouse Model ( Mice).

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is linked to multiple complications, including cognitive impairment, and the prevalence of memory-related neurodegenerative diseases is higher in T2DM patients. One possible theory is the alteration of the microvascular and macrovascular environment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we employed different approaches, including RT-PCR, functional pharmacokinetic studies using sodium fluorescein (NaFL), and confocal microscopy, to characterize the functional and molecular integrity of the BBB in a T2DM animal model, leptin receptor-deficient mutant mice ( mice).

Evaluation of ivermectin and vitamin E based combination with antiseizure rufinamide drug for mitigation of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling, behavioral challenges and histopathological aberrations.

Pentylenetetrazole- (PTZ)-induced kindling is a broadly used experimental model to evaluate the impact of antiseizure drugs and their novel combination on seizure progression. The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-kindling effects of ivermectin (IVM) and rufinamide (RUFI) alone and their combination with vitamin E. The mice were administered 11 injections of PTZ (40 mg/kg) followed by assessment for anxiety-like behavior and cognitive abilities in a series of behavior tests with subsequent brain isolation for biochemical and histopathological evaluation.