The 2016 revision of the WHO Classification of Central Nervous System Tumours: retrospective application to a cohort of diffuse gliomas.

The classification of central nervous system tumours has more recently been shaped by a focus on molecular pathology rather than histopathology. We re-classified 82 glial tumours according to the molecular-genetic criteria of the 2016 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Initial diagnoses and grading were based on the morphological criteria of the 2007 WHO scheme.

Delayed symptomatic haemorrhage from the remnants of a thalamic arteriovenous malformation after previous angiographic cure with radiotherapy.

In 1995 a 16-year old girl was diagnosed with a large left thalamic AVM that was considered unsuitable for microsurgical resection and was treated with radiotherapy twice, which led to angiographic cure. She re-presented 19 years after initial treatment with a symptomatic acute thalamic haemorrhage. Her digital subtraction angiography was negative for arterio-venous shunting.

Reliability of noncontrast-enhancing tumor as a biomarker of IDH1 mutation status in glioblastoma.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations in gliomas have been associated with a frontal lobe location and a greater proportion of noncontrast-enhancing tumour (nCET). The purpose of our study was to validate the utility of MRI imaging features in predicting IDH1 mutations in glioblastomas. Pre-operative MRIs of new glioblastoma patients, consisting of at least FLAIR and T1-weighted post-contrast sequences, were reviewed by a neuroradiologist based primarily on the VASARI feature set.

Magnetic resonance imaging features of gemistocytic astrocytoma.

Introduction: Gemistocytic astrocytoma is the second most common subtype of World Health Organization grade 2 astrocytoma, but has a worse prognosis than other grade 2 lesions. We aim to describe the MR imaging features of histopathologically proven gemistocytic tumours.

Methods: Ethics approval was obtained from both institutions.

Current challenges and novel treatment strategies in double hit lymphomas.

High-grade B-cell lymphomas with recurrent chromosomal break points have been termed 'double hit lymphoma' (DHL). The most commonly seen DHL is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with t(14;18) and t(8;14) or t(8;22) resulting in overexpression of BCL2 and MYC, respectively. The increased proliferation due to MYC overexpression, without the ability for an apoptotic brake as a result of BCL2 overexpression, results in 'the perfect storm of oncogenesis'.

Four cases of spinal epidural angiolipoma.

Spinal angiolipomas are uncommon benign tumours composed of mature fatty tissue and abnormal vascular elements, most commonly found within the posterior spinal epidural space. Most tumours are located within the mid-thoracic spine; in contrast thoracolumbar junction and purely lumbar angiolipomas are rare. We report a case series of four spinal angiolipomas, including a thoracolumbar junction and a purely lumbar tumour.

Pilomyxoid astrocytoma in the adult cerebellum.

Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA) is a recently recognised World Health Organization (WHO) Grade II tumour that was previously characterised as a subtype of the WHO Grade I pilocytic astrocytoma (PA). PMA has a histological appearance distinct from PA and a poorer prognosis due to its greater propensity for local recurrence and cerebrospinal dissemination. Although originally considered a paediatric tumour involving mainly the hypothalamic and chiasmatic region, reports of the lesion occurring in the adult population and other areas of the neuroaxis are emerging.

Intraparenchymal infratentorial ependymoma.

Ependymomas are glial series tumours that can occur throughout the neural axis, usually in close proximity to the ventricles or central canal. While the fourth ventricle is a common location for ependymoma, we present a rare case of an entirely intraparenchymal infratentorial tumour, remote from the ventricular surface, and discuss the imaging characteristics that may suggest the diagnosis. The histological features, which remain identical despite the varied morphology of intraventricular versus intraparenchymal tumours, are also considered.

Atypical and malignant meningiomas: Considerations for treatment and efficacy of radiotherapy.

The purpose of this study was to add to the current body of literature which is aimed at establishing the role of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of atypical and malignant meningiomas. Meningiomas are the most frequently reported primary intracranial tumours, accounting for more than 35%. The majority of meningiomas are benign, with atypical and malignant tumours accounting for only 6-18%.

Diagnostic utility and accuracy of rapid on-site evaluation of bronchoscopic brushings.

The aim of the study was to determine the accuracy of rapid on-site examinations, performed on transbronchial brushings of peripheral pulmonary lesions, in determining final bronchoscopic diagnosis. In addition to determining if rapid on-site examination impacts procedural outcomes. A prospective cohort study of consecutive patients with peripheral pulmonary lesions, which had been located by radial endobronchial ultrasound, was undertaken.

Multicentric hemispheric ganglioglioma in a 20-year-old adult.

Gangliogliomas are rare primary central nervous system tumours that characteristically contain both neuronal and glial neoplastic components. They usually present as solitary, slow growing tumours that are frequently associated with pharmacologically refractory epilepsy. Multicentric variants of the tumour are exceedingly rare.

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

We report a 78-year-old man who presented with rapidly progressive cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria and vertigo. MRI of the brain showed no evidence of infiltrative pathology in the posterior fossa. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed an elevated protein and pleocytosis.

Interobserver agreement in determining non-small cell lung cancer subtype in specimens acquired by EBUS-TBNA.

Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) may diagnose suspected lung cancer. Determination of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtype may guide therapy in select patients. Small-volume biopsies may be subject to significant interobserver variability in subtype determination.

Intracranial neuroenteric cysts: a concise review including an illustrative patient.

Neuroenteric cysts (NC) are rare, benign lesions lined by mucin-secreting cuboidal or columnar epithelium of an intestinal or respiratory type. They are regarded as ectopic endodermal cysts, and tend to be found in the spine rather than an intracranial location. Advances in neuroimaging have led to an increased frequency of diagnosis of NC, especially as an incidental finding, although such cysts may be confused radiologically with other lesions such as epidermoid and arachnoid cysts.

Sarcoidal reactions in regional lymph nodes of patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer predict improved disease-free survival: a pilot case-control study.

Sarcoidal reactions occurring in regional lymph nodes of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma appear to be limited to patients with stage I disease. The prognostic significance of this remains unknown. Such reactions are thought to represent a cell-mediated antitumor response and have been associated with improved outcomes in other solid organ malignancies.

Outcomes of patients with maxillofacial osteosarcoma: a review of 15 cases.

Purpose: To assess clinical behavior, response to treatment, and factors affecting survival in maxillofacial osteosarcoma treated at a tertiary referral center.

Patients And Methods: Ethics-approved retrospective review of clinical and pathological records was undertaken for 15 patients managed by the Royal Melbourne Hospital Head and Neck Oncology Tumor Stream.

Results: Treatment was a combination of surgery and chemotherapy.

Metastatic olfactory neuroblastoma invading a radiation-induced meningioma.

Olfactory neuroblastomas are malignant, neuroectodermal nasal tumours. We describe a 62-year-old patient with a recurrent olfactory neuroblastoma invading a radiation-induced meningioma. Given the temporal and spatial relationship between the primary lesion and the described recurrence, this was due to metastatic rather than direct contiguous spread, fulfilling all the criteria for true tumour-to-tumour metastasis.

Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliosarcomatosis with a sphenoid/sellar mass: confirmation of the ectopic glial tissue theory?

Gliosarcoma is a rare glioblastoma variant, classically arising in the cerebral hemispheres. We report a patient with primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis (PDLG) with a sphenoid sinus and sellar mass. An 84-year-old woman presented with progressive headache and right-sided visual failure, associated with ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy and left temporal field loss.

Pilocytic astrocytoma with neoplastic gemistocytes undergoing spontaneous transformation to glioblastoma multiforme without prior radiotherapy.

Pilocytic astrocytoma, the most common glioma of childhood, is considered a clinically benign tumour. Malignant transformation of this tumour is rare and thought to occur almost exclusively in the setting of prior radiotherapy. We describe a patient with mixed pilocytic and gemistocytic astrocytoma which transformed into a glioblastoma multiforme, leading to rapid deterioration and death of the patient, without prior radiotherapy.