Probiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Major Depression: Doxa or Episteme?

In the human body, eukaryotic somatic cells and prokaryotic microorganisms live together. In this state, the body can be viewed as a "superorganism." Symbiotic life with commensal microorganisms can be observed in almost every part of the body.

Microbiome-Induced Autoimmunity and Novel Therapeutic Intervention.

Microorganisms' flora, which colonize in many parts of our body, stand out as one of the most important components for a healthy life. This microbial organization called microbiome lives in integration with the body as a single and whole organ/system. Perhaps, the human first encounters the microbial activity it carries through the immune system.

Vaccination and Immunotherapy for Major Depression.

Depression is a very common disease with increasing incidence resulting from complex interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunological processes. To this day, the etiopathogenesis and treatment of depression unfortunately seem to be stuck in the synaptic gap. Despite highly potent antidepressants, the treatment rate cannot reach 100%, the treatment resistant group cannot be eliminated, and relapse cannot be prevented.

Emerging role of Gut-microbiota-brain axis in depression and therapeutic implication.

The human body can be considered a superorganism in which it's eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic microorganisms coexist. Almost every organ system of the body lives a symbiotic life with these commensal bacteria. Intestinal microbiota has an important role in shaping, organizing and maintaining mental functions from as early as the intrauterine period.

CONNECTOME or COLLECTOME? A NEUROPHILOSOPHICAL Perspective.

Human beings exist in a biological and social system from a micro to a macro level, by means of "collectivity", a dynamic collaboration that they have established together with the elements in that system in a way to complement each other and realize a common goal. Many neuroscientific concepts used today to explain neuronal processes from which mental functions originate are far from searching answers to traditional philosophical questions. However, the brain - as the generator of highly abstract concepts - is so complex that it cannot be explained by minimalistic approaches.

The effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on psychiatric symptoms among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an experimental study.

Introduction: Over the past decade, evidence that supports the relationship between intestinal microbiota and the brain has been obtained. Ageing, stress, nutrition and medicines can alter the composition of bacteria in the intestinal microbiota. This condition, called dysbiosis, can be repaired through prebiotics, probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

Investigation of the relationships between eating attitudes, body image and depression among Turkish university students.

Introduction: Eating disorders are one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and have become a growing problem nowadays. Research shows that eating disorders are mostly widespread in industrialized societies where beauty is associated with thinness. This study investigates the relationships between eating attitudes, body image and depression among Turkish university students aged 18 to 25.

Entropy: A Promising EEG Biomarker Dichotomizing Subjects With Opioid Use Disorder and Healthy Controls.

Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are known to be nonstationary and often multicomponential signals containing information about the condition of the brain. Since the EEG signal has complex, nonlinear, nonstationary, and highly random behaviour, numerous linear feature extraction methods related to the short-time windowing technique do not satisfy higher classification accuracy. Since biosignals are highly subjective, the symptoms may appear at random in the time scale and very small variations in EEG signals may depict a definite type of brain abnormality it is valuable and vital to extract and analyze the EEG signal parameters using computers.

Immune-Kynurenine Pathways and the Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Anxiety Disorders.

Anxiety disorders are a complex set of illnesses in which genetic factors, particularly stress, play a role in the etiopathogenesis. In recent years, inflammation and intestinal microbiota have also been included in this complex network of relationships. The functions associated with tryptophan catabolism and serotonin biosynthesis have long been associated with anxiety disorders.

Psychobiotics.

Psychobiotics are live bacteria that directly and indirectly produce positive effects on neuronal functions by colonizing into the intestinal flora. Preliminary studies, although in limited numbers, have found that these bacteria have anxiolytic and antidepressant activities. No research has yet been published on the antipsychotic efficacy of psychobiotics.

Neuroinflammation, Gut-Brain Axis and Depression.

Psychiatric diseases are the manifestations that result from the individual's genetic structure, physiology, immunology and ways of coping with environmental stressors. The current psychiatric diagnostic systems do not include any systematic characterization in regard to neurobiological processes that reveal the clinical picture in individuals who got psychiatric diagnosis. It is obvious that further research in different areas is needed to understand the psychopathology.

The psycho-periodic cube.

The current diagnostic classification systems in psychiatry have been developed primarily for evidence-based clinical decision making with both categorical and dimensional approaches having their own advantages and disadvantages. Efforts have been made to improve these classification systems, and we are now at the point where we must expand beyond the one-dimensionality of these systems. In this paper, we propose that psychiatric disorders can be arranged in a three-dimensional classification system according to the degree of dysfunctions on three specific axes in a way that is similar to the arrangement of chemical elements according to their atomic weights in Mendeleyev's periodic table.

Therapeutic Potential of the Microbiome in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders.

The search for rational treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders began with the discovery of chlorpromazine in 1951 and continues to evolve. Day by day, new details of the intestinal microbiota⁻brain axis are coming to light. As the role of microbiota in the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders is more clearly understood, microbiota-based (or as we propose, "fecomodulation") treatment options are increasingly discussed in the context of treatment.

Quantitation of escitalopram and its metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in psychiatric patients: New metabolic ratio establishment.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is used to determine the concentration of drug in plasma/serum to adjust the dose of the therapeutic drug. Selective and sensitive analytical methods are used to determine drug and metabolite levels for the successful application of TDM. The aim of the study was to develop and validate using LC-MS/MS to analyse quantitative assay of escitalopram (S-CT) and metabolites in human plasma samples.

Polydipsia as a Precursor of Manic Episode in Bipolar Affective Disorder Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder.

Bipolar affective disorder (BD) diagnosis and initiation of appropriate treatment are often delayed, and this is associated with poorer outcomes, such as rapid cycling or cognitive decline. Therefore, identifying certain warning signs of a probable successive episode during the inter-episode phase is important for early intervention. We present the retrospective data of three cases of BD.

The Soul, as an Uninhibited Mental Activity, is Reduced into Consciousness by Rules of Quantum Physics.

This paper is an effort to describe, in neuroscientific terms, one of the most ambiguous concepts of the universe-the soul. Previous efforts to understand what the soul is and where it may exist have accepted the soul as a subjective and individual entity. We will make two additions to this view: (1) The soul is a result of uninhibited mental activity and lacks spatial and temporal information; (2) The soul is an undivided whole and, to become divided, the soul has to be reduced into unconscious and conscious mental events.

The Relationship between Aggression and Serum Thyroid Hormone Level in Individuals Diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder.

Introduction: Aggression is one of the leading clinical characteristics of antisocial personality disorder (APD). Studies aiming to clarify and control the biological basis of aggression are ongoing. Thyroid hormones have been indicated to play a role in the development of aggression.