Potassium deficiency reduces grapevine transpiration through decreased leaf area and stomatal conductance.

Plants require potassium (K) to support growth and regulate hydraulics. Yet, K's effects on transpiration are still speculated. We hypothesized that K deficiency would limit grapevine water uptake by limiting canopy size and stomatal conductance (g).

Mitigating risks and maximizing sustainability of treated wastewater reuse for irrigation.

Scarcity of freshwater for agriculture has led to increased utilization of treated wastewater (TWW), establishing it as a significant and reliable source of irrigation water. However, years of research indicate that if not managed adequately, TWW may deleteriously affect soil functioning and plant productivity, and pose a hazard to human and environmental health. This review leverages the experience of researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers from Israel, the United-States, and Europe to present a holistic, multidisciplinary perspective on maximizing the benefits from municipal TWW use for irrigation.

Optimizing Nitrogen Application for Jojoba under Intensive Cultivation.

Although jojoba () has been cultivated for years, information on its N requirements is limited. A 6-year study of mature jojoba plants grown under field conditions with an intensive management regime evaluated the effect of N application rate on plant nutrient status, growth, and productivity, and nitrate accumulation in the soil. Five levels of N application were tested: 50, 150, 250, 370, and 500 kg N ha.

Elevated fruit nitrogen impairs oil biosynthesis in olive (.).

Oil in fruits and seeds is an important source of calories and essential fatty acids for humans. This specifically holds true for olive oil, which is appreciated for its superior nutritional value. Most olive orchards are cultivated to produce oil, which are the outcome of fruit yield and oil content.

Effect of macronutrient fertilization on olive oil composition and quality under irrigated, intensive cultivation management.

Background: Intensive olive (Olea europaea L.) orchards are fertilized, mostly with the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The effects of different application levels of these nutrients on olive oil composition and quality were studied over 6 years in a commercial intensively cultivated 'Barnea' olive orchard in Israel.

The Mechanisms Responsible for N Deficiency in Well-Watered Wheat Under Elevated CO.

Elevated CO concentration [e(CO)] often promotes plant growth with a decrease in tissue N concentration. In this study, three experiments, two under hydroponic and one in well-watered soil, including various levels or patterns of CO, humidity, and N supply were conducted on wheat ( L.) to explore the mechanisms of e[CO]-induced N deficiency (ECIND).

It takes two: Reciprocal scion-rootstock relationships enable salt tolerance in 'Hass' avocado.

Commercial avocado orchards typically consist of composite trees. Avocado is salt-sensitive, suffering from substantial growth and production depreciation when exposed to high sodium and chloride levels. Salt ions penetrate the roots and are subsequently transferred to the foliage.

Long-Term Impact of Phosphorous Fertilization on Yield and Alternate Bearing in Intensive Irrigated Olive Cultivation.

Phosphorus (P) availability significantly impacts olive tree reproductive development and consequential fruit production. However, the importance of P fertilization in olive cultivation is not clear, and P application is usually recommended only after P deficiency is identified. In order to determine the long-term impacts of continuous P fertilization in intensive irrigated olive cultivation, the growth and production of trees in an intensive orchard with or without P fertilization were evaluated over six consecutive seasons.

Rootstock-Dependent Response of Hass Avocado to Salt Stress.

Salt stress is a major limiting factor in avocado () cultivation, exacerbated by global trends towards scarcity of high-quality water for irrigation. Israeli avocado orchards have been irrigated with relatively high-salinity recycled municipal wastewater for over three decades, over which time rootstocks were selected for salt-tolerance. This study's objective was to evaluate the physiological salt response of avocado as a function of the rootstock.

Low current heaterless hollow cathode neutralizer for plasma propulsion-Development overview.

Hollow cathodes serve as electron sources for the operation of electric thrusters aboard spacecraft. Conventionally, hollow cathodes utilize a heating element to raise the temperature of the electron emitting material embedded in the cathode. To simplify cathode design and operation, in recent years, heaterless cathode technology has been under development in various facilities around the world.

Effects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation and fertigation level on olive oil composition and quality.

Background: Irrigation of olives increases fruit and oil yields. Due to scarcity of freshwater, low-quality water including recycled wastewater (RWW) is utilized in orchards. Here, effects of irrigation with RWW and of fertilization on the composition and quality of olive oil were studied.

Irrigation-induced salinity affects olive oil quality and health-promoting properties.

Background: Olive oil, a functional food, is increasingly produced from trees irrigated with water containing high concentrations of salts. We studied the effects of irrigation-induced salinity on quality and health-related compounds in olive oil. Trees (cv Barnea) were grown in lysimeters with continuous control and monitoring of root-zone salinity.

Characterizing roots and water uptake in a ground cover rice production system.

Background And Aims: Water-saving ground cover rice production systems (GCRPS) are gaining popularity in many parts of the world. We aimed to describe the characteristics of root growth, morphology, distribution, and water uptake for a GCRPS.

Methods: A traditional paddy rice production system (TPRPS) was compared with GCRPS in greenhouse and field experiments.

Evaluating Spatially Resolved Influence of Soil and Tree Water Status on Quality of European Plum Grown in Semi-humid Climate.

In orchards, the variations of fruit quality and its determinants are crucial for resource effective measures. In the present study, a drip-irrigated plum production ( L. "Tophit plus"/Wavit) located in a semi-humid climate was studied.

Phosphorous Nutritional Level, Carbohydrate Reserves and Flower Quality in Olives.

The olive tree is generally characterized by relatively low final fruit set consequential to a significant rate of undeveloped pistils, pistil abortion, and flower and fruitlet abscission. These processes are acknowledged to be governed by competition for resources between the developing vegetative and reproductive organs. To study the role of phosphorus (P) nutritional level on reproductive development, trees were grown under four levels of P for three years in large containers.

Fruit load governs transpiration of olive trees.

We tested the hypothesis that whole-tree water consumption of olives (Olea europaea L.) is fruit load-dependent and investigated the driving physiological mechanisms. Fruit load was manipulated in mature olives grown in weighing-drainage lysimeters.

Modification of non-stomatal limitation and photoprotection due to K and Na nutrition of olive trees.

Potassium (K) is an essential macronutrient shown to play a fundamental role in photosynthetic processes and may facilitate photoinhibition resistance. In some plant species, sodium (Na) can partially substitute for K. Although photosynthetic enhancement has been well established, the mechanisms by which K or Na affects photosynthesis are not fully understood.

Sodium replacement of potassium in physiological processes of olive trees (var. Barnea) as affected by drought.

Potassium (K) is a macro-nutrient understood to play a role in the physiological performance of plants under drought. In some plant species, sodium (Na) can partially substitute K. Although a beneficial role of Na is well established, information regarding its nutritional role in trees is scant and its function under conditions of drought is not fully understood.

The effect of water stress on super-high- density 'Koroneiki' olive oil quality.

Background: Over the last two decades, the area of cultivated super-high-density olive orchards has increased rapidly. Water stress is an important tool in super-high-density orchards to reduce tree growth and promote suitability for overhead mechanical harvesters. Little is known regarding the effect of water stress in super-high-density orchards on oil quality parameters.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) tree nitrogen status is a key factor for olive oil quality.

The influence of macronutrient status on olive oil properties was studied for three years. Data were analyzed by a multivariate model considering N, P, K, and fruiting year as explanatory factors. Oil quality parameters were primarily associated with N concentration in leaves and fruits which increased with N in irrigation solution.

Prevalence of dental features that indicate a need for early orthodontic treatment.

The aim of the study was to establish the prevalence of dental features that indicate a need for early orthodontic treatment (EOT). A group of schoolchildren in the mixed dentition stage (7-11 years old) (n = 432) was clinically screened for indications for EOT. Over 1/3 of the youngsters (34.

The influence of bearing cycles on olive oil quality response to irrigation.

Five rates of water application were applied in a 4 year study on olive (Olea europaea) varieties 'Barnea' and 'Souri'. Increased irrigation lead to increased tree-scale oil yields, lower polyphenol content, and, frequently, higher oil acidity. These effects were predominant in "off" years.

Fertilization and blending alternatives for irrigation with desalinated water.

In arid-zone agriculture where available irrigation water is saline, desalination is becoming an attractive method for increasing yields and reducing negative environmental consequences. However, irrigation with desalinated water can be problematic if essential nutrients, including Ca, Mg, and S, removed during reverse osmosis, are not reintroduced. We evaluated two strategies for supplying these nutrients - direct fertilization and blending of desalinated with saline groundwater -experimentally in a greenhouse and in a model for a case study regarding pepper (Capsicum annuum L.