Bacterial supergroup-specific "cost" of infections in .

The maternally inherited endosymbiont, , is known to alter the reproductive biology of its arthropod hosts for its own benefit and can induce both positive and negative fitness effects in many hosts. Here, we describe the effects of the maintenance of two distinct infections, one each from supergroups A and B, on the parasitoid host . We compare the effect of infections on various traits between the uninfected, single A-infected, single B-infected, and double-infected lines with their cured versions.

Estimation of order parameter of a liquid crystal variable retarder using Haller's approximation.

We use a liquid crystal variable retarder (LCVR) for polarization modulation of the input beam in a polarimeter intended for solar observations. It is known that the retardance of LCVR depends on the voltage and temperature. Voltage at a constant temperature is used for fast modulation.