Increasing trend of type 1 diabetes incidence in the pediatric population of the Calabria region in 2019-2021.

Background: Although type 1 diabetes (T1D) represents one of the most common chronic diseases in pediatric age, few studies on the epidemiology of T1D exist globally and the exact prevalence and incidence rates of the disease are unknown. In many countries, including Italy, national registries are missing.

Methods: This study aims to assess T1D incidence in the pediatric population of the Calabria region (southern Italy) in the period 2019-2021.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome in children.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy defined by thrombocytopenia, non-immune microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and acute renal failure. HUS is typically classified into two primary types: 1) HUS due to infections, often associated with diarrhea (D+HUS, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia Coli-HUS), with the rare exception of HUS due to a severe disseminated infection caused by Streptococcus; 2) HUS related to complement, such HUS is also known as "atypical HUS" and is not diarrhea associated (D-HUS, aHUS); but recent studies have shown other forms of HUS, that can occur in the course of systemic diseases or physiopathological conditions such as pregnancy, after transplantation or after drug assumption. Moreover, new studies have shown that the complement system is an important factor also in the typical HUS, in which the infection could highlight an underlying dysregulation of complement factors.

A case of spontaneous gastric rupture in a 5 years girl.

We describe a case of spontaneous gastric rupture in a child of 5 years old. The patient reached us in a serious condition; the anamnesis was negative for traumatic events or gastrointestinal disorders. An abdominal X-ray and CT scan revealed free air and fluid in the abdominal cavity, leading to the diagnosis of gastro-intestinal perforation.

Do you remember scurvy?

Scurvy, a disease caused by a deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), is not very common disease especially in pediatric age. In the late nineteenth century, instead, we assisted to increase incidence of this problem for the use of heated milk and convenience foods. We report two cases of scurvy: a child of 3 years old came to our observation for an important gums' stomatitis, fever, widespread petechiae and ecchymosis on the skin of the lower limbs; in the second moment he had pain in upper and lower limbs with difficulty in walking; a second child of 4 years came to our observation for pain lower limbs and maintained the posture of the legs down, inability to walking, with reduced muscle tone and trophism in all limbs; at the instrumental examination he had an alveolar hemorrhage.

Growth parameters in HIV-vertically-infected adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Background: Growth failure in HIV-infected children is an important factor in either initiating or changing antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study assesses the impact of HIV infection on growth parameters of adolescents who acquired HIV vertically.

Methods: This retrospective, longitudinal study involved adolescents aged 10-20 years with vertically-acquired HIV infection who were followed up in one of the three main referral centres for paediatric HIV/AIDS in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

[Cerebral aneurysm related to pediatric AIDS. Case report].

Introduction: Aneurysms, described in pediatric AIDS, are related with bad prognosis with high mortality in 5 months. The twenty reports found in literature were considered late (mean age 9.97 years old) and associated with severe immunological involvement.

[Cardiopulmonary echinococcosis: a report of a clinical case].

The authors report a case of hydatid cyst of the ventricular septum. The patient, an asymptomatic 30-year-old woman, was hospitalized in the Department of Pneumology after a routine chest X-ray test which detected two round masses in the lungs. During hospitalization the patient was asymptomatic and standard ECG was normal, but two-dimensional echocardiography (2D echo) revealed a cardiac cyst localized in the mediobasal portion of the ventricular septum.

Comparisons of diet and biochemical characteristics of stool and urine between Chinese populations with low and high colorectal cancer rates.

In an investigation of the roles of diet and stool biochemistry in human colorectal carcinogenesis, 24-hour food, urine, and stool samples were collected from randomly selected participants from two populations with a fourfold difference in colorectal cancer risk: Chinese in Sha Giao, People's Republic of China (low risk), and Chinese-Americans of similar ages in San Francisco County, Calif, in the United States (high risk). The findings supported the hypotheses that colorectal cancer risk is increased by the consumption of high-fat, high-protein, and low-carbohydrate diets and is associated with high levels of cholesterol in stool as well as increased daily outputs of 3-methyl-histidine and malonaldehyde in urine. However, risk does not increase with low stool bulk and low total stool fibers.

Separation and quantitation of fatty acids, sterols and bile acids in feces by gas chromatography as the butyl ester-acetate derivatives.

A system allowing the separation and quantitation of individual species of fecal fatty acids, sterols and bile acids in a single chromatographic step is described. The system is based on the butylation of carboxyl groups and acetylation of free hydroxyls of the compounds in fecal lipid extracts, followed by their resolution by temperature-programmed gas chromatography. As the butyl ester-acetate derivatives, fatty acids, sterols and bile acids elute separately and with no overlap on a variety of chromatographic columns, obviating the need for prior separation of each class by thin-layer or column chromatography.