How Tree Decline Varies the Anatomical Features in Quercus brantii.

Drought has serious effects on forests, especially semi-arid and arid forests, around the world. Zagros Forest in Iran has been severely affected by drought, which has led to the decline of the most common tree species, Persian oak (Quercus brantii). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of drought on the anatomical structure of Persian oak.

An assessment of the potential of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the analysis of cesium in liquid samples of biological origin.

The present study describes the development of an analytical method for the determination of cesium in biological fluid samples (human urine and blood samples) by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The developed method is based on sample presentation by liquid-to-solid conversion, enhancing the emission signal by drying the liquid into small "pockets" created in a metal support (zinc plate), and allows the analysis to be carried out on as little as 1 μL of sample volume, in a closed sample cell. Absolute detection limits on the Cs I 852.

Verification of 235U enrichment of fresh VVER-440 fuel assemblies.

Enrichment of uniformly and non-uniformly enriched ("profiled") fuel assemblies in a range of 1.6-4.4% was verified by gamma-ray spectrometry at a nuclear power plant (NPP).

Hospital antibiotic management in Hungary--results of the ABS maturity survey of the ABS International group.

Background: The prudent use of antibiotics is considered a very important issue in hospitals throughout Europe. The project ABS International developed a questionnaire to survey antibiotic-related structures and services in the hospitals of participating countries. This article describes the situation in Hungary.

[Clinical aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of infectious mononucleosis in primary care and in departments of infectious diseases].

Medical documentation of the 342 patients hospitalised for infectious mononucleosis at the departments of infectious diseases of two county hospital was retrospectively reviewed between 1990 and 1996 and the most important clinical data were recorded. In order to document the effect of control measures, which were taken for the improvement diagnosis and therapy, data of the 105 infectious mononucleosis patients at one of the mentioned departments were also recorded in 1997 and 1998. The length of the time before the hospital admission (avg.

[Utilization of antibiotics according to most frequent indications at Hungarian hospitals and results of surveys].

Antibiotic utilisation of 8 Hungarian hospitals was analyzed examining the case histories of patients who were discharged between January 1 and 31, 1995. Usage of antibiotics in the most frequent indications is reported in this paper. Majority of the prescriptions for the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections were broad spectrum beta lactams.

[Simple parameters of antibiotic utilization and diagnostic background of antimicrobial therapy in Hungarian hospitals in 1995].

This paper is published as second part of a survey on antibiotic utilisation of 8 Hungarian hospitals in January, 1995. The length of hospital stay of the patients receiving systemic antibiotic treatment was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than those of not receiving such treatment.

[Usage of antibiotics in hospitals].

The authors publish the results of a survey conducted among hospital records of patients discharged from eight inpatient's institutes between 1-31st of January 1995 to gather information on the indications and usage of antibiotics. The institutes were selected from different part of the country to represent the hospital structure as much as possible. Data from the 13,719 documents were recorded and analysed by computer program.

[Serologic signs of Epstein-Barr-virus infections in various patients without infectious mononucleosis].

The authors detected Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) virus capsid (VCA) antibodies of IgM and IgG type together with EBNA and heterophil antibodies in the sera collected from 1882 unselected patients without infectious mononucleosis. Out of them IgM type antibodies were found in 123 cases and in an additional group of 30 patients heterophil antibodies were detected together with EBV specific virus markers. Altogether 153 patients were considered as cases of primary EBV infection, or reinfection.

[Analysis of antibiotic use based on case histories].

Type and dose of antibiotics, length and purpose of therapy was retrospectively collected from case histories of the 2230 patients who were discharged from a district general hospital between January 1 and 31, 1995. The suitability of each antibiotic for its stated purpose was compared with the current therapeutic recommendations, guidelines and literature. 24.

[Serologic signs of Epstein Barr virus activity in acute viral hepatitis, symptomless HbsAg carriers as well as in alcoholic liver diseases].

The authors, based on their previous observations, analysed the serological incidence of the EBV infection in patients with viral hepatitis, HBsAg carriers and alcoholic liver diseases compared to control group. For the better statistical comparison they have selected the patients of 20-60 years of age and by using Khi-square probe, compared the incidence of IgM and IgG type antibodies against EBV in the samples. Significantly higher incidence (P < 0.

[Sero-epidemiologic study of Epstein-Barr virus markers in patients without mononucleosis at a department for infectious diseases].

The authors have screened sera samples of 1817 unselected patients of not having infectious mononucleosis, admitted to their department, for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viruscapsid (VCA) IgM and IgG type antibody to detect the actual situation of EBV infection. The results were evaluated in age groups and in serological patterns. Their results indicated, that 80% of children became seropositive by 5-10 years of age and after 20 years, the rate of seropositivity was over 90% comparable to the reports from "developing" countries.

[Indications for antimicrobial treatment in immunocompromised granulocytopenic patients].

The authors, based on the reviewed literature, call the attention to the main guidelines of the antimicrobial treatment of patients with impaired immunity with particular consideration to the patient with granulocytopenia. Individual evaluation is necessary in each of the cases according to tha nature and severity of the immunocompromised status, the localization of the infection and the type of the microorganism. The antimicrobial protocol in granulocytopenic, immunocompromised patients is extremely important in the cases of patients with fever of unknown origin.

[Comparative study of antibiotic use at hospital departments in 7 Hungarian hospitals 1989-1991].

In their present work, authors, referring to their previous paper, wanted to compare the antibiotic consumption of the special medical fields in different hospitals. Computer database were utilised from different hospitals to obtain the necessary figures concerning antibiotic consumption. The amount of antibiotic consumption was expressed in Defined Daily Dose/1000 hospital day.

[Comparative study of antibiotic consumption in Hungarian hospitals during 1989-1991].

The data of case histories of the year of 1989 of seven Hungarian hospitals and also the 1990 and 1991 data of two hospitals were collected and integrated in a database. Consumption of antibiotics were represented in DDD (Defined Daily Dose)/1000 hospital day. These data were compared with the data of the drugs delivered by the hospital pharmacy in one of the mentioned hospitals between 1989 and 1992.

[Differential diagnosis in patients with fever at the department for infectious diseases of a county hospital].

Between the 1st of January 1985 and the 31st of december 1989 101 patients were admitted for fever. Their data were analysed retrospectively. The patients were divided into three groups according to the diagnostic procedures.