Development, Pharmacokinetics and Antimalarial Evaluation of Dose Flexible 3D Printlets of Dapsone for Pediatric Patients.

The focus of current studies was to fabricate dose flexible printlets of dapsone (DDS) for pediatric patients by selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing method, and evaluate its physicochemical, patient in-use stability, and pharmacokinetic attributes. Eight formulations were fabricated using Kollicoat IR, Eudragit L-100-55 and StarCapas excipients and evaluated for hardness, disintegration, dissolution, amorphous phase by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction, in-use stability at 30 C/75% RH for a month, and pharmacokinetic study in Sprague Dawley rats. The hardness, and disintegration of the printlets varied from 2.

LETHAL TOXIN NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY RESPONSE INDUCED FOLLOWING ORAL VACCINATION WITH A MICROENCAPSULATED STERNE STRAIN 34F2 VACCINE PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDY IN WHITE-TAILED DEER ().

Improved methods are needed to prevent wildlife deaths from anthrax. Caused by , naturally occurring outbreaks of anthrax are frequent but unpredictable. The commercially available veterinary vaccine is labeled for subcutaneous injection and is impractical for large-scale wildlife vaccination programs; therefore, oral vaccination is the most realistic method to control and prevent these outbreaks.

In Vitro Protection and Titer Duration of Anthrax-Specific Antibodies Following Subcutaneous Vaccination of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with Bacillus anthracis Sterne 34F2 Strain Spores.

Outbreaks of anthrax, caused by the soilborne bacterium Bacillus anthracis, are a continuous threat to free-ranging livestock and wildlife in enzootic regions of the United States, sometimes causing mass mortalities. Injectable anthrax vaccines are commercially available for use in livestock, and although hand injection is not a cost- or time-effective long-term management plan for prevention in wildlife, it may provide a tool for managers to target selectively animals of high conservation or economic value. Vaccine-induced anthrax-specific antibody responses have been reported previously in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), but the protective nature was not determined.

Case Report: Paucisymptomatic College-Age Population as a Reservoir for Potentially Neutralization-Resistant Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants.

To better understand the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant lineage distribution in a college campus population, we carried out viral genome surveillance over a 7-week period from January to March 2021. Among the sequences were three novel viral variants: BV-1 with a B.1.

Interactions between fungal hyaluronic acid and host CD44 promote internalization by recruiting host autophagy proteins to forming phagosomes.

Phagocytosis and autophagy play critical roles in immune defense. The human fungal pathogen (Cn) subverts host autophagy-initiation complex (AIC)-related proteins, to promote its phagocytosis and intracellular parasitism of host cells. The mechanisms by which the pathogen engages host AIC-related proteins remain obscure.

Evaluation of the safety profile of the vaccine candidate Brucella melitensis 16MΔvjbR strain in goats.

Small ruminant brucellosis is caused by the Gram negative cocci-bacillus Brucella (B.) melitensis, the most virulent Brucella species for humans. In goats and sheep, middle to late-term gestation abortion, stillbirths and the delivery of weak infected offspring are the characteristic clinical signs of the disease.

The candidate vaccine strain Brucella ovis ∆abcBA is protective against Brucella melitensis infection in mice.

Brucellosis is a major zoonotic disease, and Brucella melitensis is the species most often associated with human infection. Vaccination is the most efficient tool for controlling animal brucellosis, with a consequent decrease of incidence of human infections. Commercially available live attenuated vaccines provide some degree of protection, but retain residual pathogenicity to human and animals.

Protective antibody response following oral vaccination with microencapsulated Sterne strain 34F2 spores.

An oral vaccine against anthrax () is urgently needed to prevent annual anthrax outbreaks that are causing catastrophic losses in free-ranging livestock and wildlife worldwide. The Sterne vaccine, the current injectable livestock vaccine, is a suspension of live attenuated Sterne strain 34F2 spores (Sterne spores) in saponin. It is not effective when administered orally and individual subcutaneous injections are not a practical method of vaccination for wildlife.

A Tractable Cell System Enables Rapid Identification of Host Factors.

is an important causative agent of nosocomial infections worldwide. The pathogen also readily acquires resistance to antibiotics, and pan-resistant strains have been reported. is widely regarded as an extracellular bacterial pathogen.

Vaccine safety studies of S19 and S19Δ in pregnant swine.

Brucellosis in swine is caused by a bacterial infection of nearly worldwide distribution. is also transmissible to humans, dogs and cattle and is considered a reemerging disease of public health concern. To date, there is no effective vaccine for swine.

Activation of Host IRE1α-Dependent Signaling Axis Contributes the Intracellular Parasitism of .

spp. are intracellular vacuolar pathogens that causes brucellosis, a worldwide zoonosis of profound importance. We previously demonstrated that the activity of host unfolded protein response (UPR) sensor IRE1α (inositol-requiring enzyme 1) and ER-associated autophagy confer susceptibility to and intracellular replication.

Global Reprogramming of Host Kinase Signaling in Response to Fungal Infection.

Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is a deadly fungal pathogen whose intracellular lifestyle is important for virulence. Host mechanisms controlling fungal phagocytosis and replication remain obscure. Here, we perform a global phosphoproteomic analysis of the host response to Cryptococcus infection.

The Case for Live Attenuated Vaccines against the Neglected Zoonotic Diseases Brucellosis and Bovine Tuberculosis.

Vaccination of humans and animals with live attenuated organisms has proven to be an effective means of combatting some important infectious diseases. In fact, the 20th century witnessed tremendous improvements in human and animal health worldwide as a consequence of large-scale vaccination programs with live attenuated vaccines (LAVs). Here, we use the neglected zoonotic diseases brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis (BTb) caused by Brucella spp.

Pathogenesis and immunobiology of brucellosis: review of Brucella-host interactions.

This review of Brucella-host interactions and immunobiology discusses recent discoveries as the basis for pathogenesis-informed rationales to prevent or treat brucellosis. Brucella spp., as animal pathogens, cause human brucellosis, a zoonosis that results in worldwide economic losses, human morbidity, and poverty.

Materials composed of the Drosophila Hox protein Ultrabithorax are biocompatible and nonimmunogenic.

Although the in vivo function of the Drosophila melanogaster Hox protein Ultrabithorax (Ubx) is to regulate transcription, in vitro Ubx hierarchically self-assembles to form nanoscale to macroscale materials. The morphology, mechanical properties, and functionality (via protein chimeras) of Ubx materials are all easily engineered. Ubx materials are also compatible with cells in culture.

Host-Brucella interactions and the Brucella genome as tools for subunit antigen discovery and immunization against brucellosis.

Vaccination is the most important approach to counteract infectious diseases. Thus, the development of new and improved vaccines for existing, emerging, and re-emerging diseases is an area of great interest to the scientific community and general public. Traditional approaches to subunit antigen discovery and vaccine development lack consideration for the critical aspects of public safety and activation of relevant protective host immunity.

Immunogenic and invasive properties of Brucella melitensis 16M outer membrane protein vaccine candidates identified via a reverse vaccinology approach.

Brucella is the etiologic agent of brucellosis, one of the most common and widely distributed zoonotic diseases. Its highly infectious nature, the insidious, systemic, chronic, debilitating aspects of the disease and the lack of an approved vaccine for human use in the United States are features that make Brucella a viable threat to public health. One of the main impediments to vaccine development is identification of suitable antigens.

Size discrimination in rat and mouse gastric emptying.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between particle size and gastric emptying in rodents using radiolabeled insoluble polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microcapsules/beads.

Methods: PMMA microcapsules (50-500 µm) and beads (0.5-3 mm) loaded with technetium-99 m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ((99m) Tc-DTPA) were administered to ICR mice or Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by oral gavage.

Toll-like receptors are critical for clearance of Brucella and play different roles in development of adaptive immunity following aerosol challenge in mice.

Brucella spp. cause undulant fever in humans and brucellosis in variety of other animals. Both innate and adaptive immunity have been shown to be important in controlling Brucella infection.

Polymeric particles in vaccine delivery.

The tremendous power of the particulate vaccine delivery system has only recently been recognized and employed strategically in vaccine design. The entrapment of antigen in particles clearly alters its acquisition and processing by antigen presenting cells and ensuing adaptive immunity. The adjuvant activity of particles has recently been described at the molecular level as engaging the Nalp3 inflammasome and complementing the activity of toll-like receptor ligands.

Oral vaccination with microencapsuled strain 19 vaccine confers enhanced protection against Brucella abortus strain 2308 challenge in red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus).

Bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA), USA, are infected with Brucella abortus, the causative agent of bovine brucellosis, and they serve as a wildlife reservoir for the disease. Bovine brucellosis recently has been transmitted from infected elk to cattle in Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho and has resulted in their loss of brucellosis-free status. An efficacious Brucella vaccine with a delivery system suitable for wildlife would be a valuable tool in a disease prevention and control program.

Brucellosis: the case for live, attenuated vaccines.

The successful control of animal brucellosis and associated reduction in human exposure has limited the development of human brucellosis vaccines. However, the potential use of Brucella in bioterrorism or biowarfare suggests that direct intervention strategies are warranted. Although the dominant approach has explored the use of live attenuated vaccines, side effects associated with their use has prevented widespread use in humans.

Enhanced immune response of red deer (Cervus elaphus) to live rb51 vaccine strain using composite microspheres.

Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease of nearly worldwide distribution. The occurrence of the infection in humans is largely dependent on the prevalence of brucellosis in animal reservoirs, including wildlife. The current vaccine used for cattle Brucella abortus strain RB51, has proven ineffective in protecting bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus nelsoni) from infection and abortion.