Edema progression in proximity to traumatic microbleeds: evolution of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema on serial MRI.

Introduction: Although cerebral edema is common following traumatic brain injury (TBI), its formation and progression are poorly understood. This is especially true for the mild TBI population, who rarely undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, which can pick up subtle structural details not visualized on computed tomography, in the first few days after injury. This study aimed to visually classify and quantitatively measure edema progression in relation to traumatic microbleeds (TMBs) in a cohort of primarily mild TBI patients up to 30 days after injury.

Cytotoxic Edema Associated with Hemorrhage Predicts Poor Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used rarely in the acute evaluation of traumatic brain injury (TBI) but may identify findings of clinical importance not detected by computed tomography (CT). We aimed to characterize the association of cytotoxic edema and hemorrhage, including traumatic microbleeds, on MRI obtained within hours of acute head trauma and investigated the relationship to clinical outcomes. Patients prospectively enrolled in the Traumatic Head Injury Neuroimaging Classification study (NCT01132937) with evidence of diffusion-related findings or hemorrhage on neuroimaging were included.

Nonhomogeneous Gadolinium Retention in the Cerebral Cortex after Intravenous Administration of Gadolinium-based Contrast Agent in Rats and Humans.

Background Gadolinium retention after repeated gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) exposure has been reported in subcortical gray matter. However, gadolinium retention in the cerebral cortex has not been systematically investigated. Purpose To determine whether and where gadolinium is retained in rat and human cerebral cortex.

Traumatic microbleeds suggest vascular injury and predict disability in traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic microbleeds are small foci of hypointensity seen on T2*-weighted MRI in patients following head trauma that have previously been considered a marker of axonal injury. The linear appearance and location of some traumatic microbleeds suggests a vascular origin. The aims of this study were to: (i) identify and characterize traumatic microbleeds in patients with acute traumatic brain injury; (ii) determine whether appearance of traumatic microbleeds predict clinical outcome; and (iii) describe the pathology underlying traumatic microbleeds in an index patient.