US Adult Interest in Less Harmful and Less Addictive Hypothetical Modified Risk Tobacco Products.

Introduction: Tobacco companies have a history of making health claims about their new products. Such claims are now regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration. We examined consumer interest in hypothetical modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) among current, former, and never established smokers and examined whether interest was associated with beliefs about tobacco and cancer.

Media exposure and tobacco product addiction beliefs: Findings from the 2015 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS-FDA 2015).

Background: Addiction beliefs about tobacco use are associated with intentions to use and use of tobacco products. Exposure to information about tobacco products in media sources may affect addiction beliefs.

Purpose: To examine the relationship between media exposure and tobacco product addiction beliefs.

U.S. adults' addiction and harm beliefs about nicotine and low nicotine cigarettes.

This research described U.S. adults' beliefs about nicotine and low nicotine cigarettes (LNCs) using the nationally-representative Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS-FDA 2015; N=3738).

Flavour preferences in youth versus adults: a review.

Objective: To understand the available evidence of how children and adults differ in their preferences for flavours that may be used in tobacco products.

Data Sources: A total of 474 articles published between 1931 and August 2015 were retrieved through searches conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and PsycINFO.

Study Selection And Extraction: A 2-phase relevancy review process resulted in the identification of 59 articles and information was extracted by 2 independent reviewers.

Mouth Level Exposure and Similarity to Machine-smoked Constituent Yields.

Objectives: The goal of this review was to evaluate which standard machine-smoking regimen may be most appropriate to inform tobacco product regulation based on the fraction of cigarette smoke yields that best represents the range of human smoke exposures.

Methods: We searched PubMed and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed studies that reported percentages of smokers who smoked more or less like a particular machine-smoking regimen based on human mouth level exposure (MLE) tobacco constituent yields.

Results: Three studies met our inclusion criteria and were reviewed.

Measurement of multiple nicotine dependence domains among cigarette, non-cigarette and poly-tobacco users: Insights from item response theory.

Background: Nicotine dependence (ND) is a key construct that organizes physiological and behavioral symptoms associated with persistent nicotine intake. Measurement of ND has focused primarily on cigarette smokers. Thus, validation of brief instruments that apply to a broad spectrum of tobacco product users is needed.

Symptoms of tobacco dependence among middle and high school tobacco users: results from the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey.

Background: A growing body of evidence suggests that tobacco dependence symptoms can occur soon after smoking onset and with low levels of use. However, limited data are available nationally and among non-cigarette tobacco users.

Purpose: To examine the prevalence and determinants of tobacco dependence symptoms among adolescent tobacco users in the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative, school-based survey of U.

Youth tobacco cessation: quitting intentions and past-year quit attempts.

Background: Despite declining use of conventional tobacco products, youth use of non-cigarette tobacco has become prevalent; however, quitting behaviors remain largely unexplored.

Purpose: To examine nationally representative data on quit intentions and past-year attempts to quit all tobacco use among current youth tobacco users.

Methods: In 2013, data were analyzed from the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS).

Electronic cigarettes and nicotine clinical pharmacology.

Objective: To review the available literature evaluating electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) nicotine clinical pharmacology in order to understand the potential impact of e-cigarettes on individual users, nicotine dependence and public health.

Methods: Literature searches were conducted between 1 October 2012 and 30 September 2013 using key terms in five electronic databases. Studies were included in the review if they were in English and publicly available; non-clinical studies, conference abstracts and studies exclusively measuring nicotine content in e-cigarette cartridges were excluded from the review.

Electronic cigarettes: abuse liability, topography and subjective effects.

Objective: To review the available evidence evaluating the abuse liability, topography, subjective effects, craving and withdrawal suppression associated with e-cigarette use in order to identify information gaps and provide recommendations for future research.

Methods: Literature searches were conducted between October 2012 and January 2014 using five electronic databases. Studies were included in this review if they were peer-reviewed scientific journal articles evaluating clinical laboratory studies, national surveys or content analyses.

Clinical pharmacology research strategy for dissolvable tobacco products.

Introduction: Dissolvable tobacco products (DTPs) are relatively new to the market. Some researchers and manufacturers describe them as finely ground tobacco that has been compressed into sticks, strips, and orbs that dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth and do not require spitting. While the pharmacokinetic profiles of nicotine and other tobacco-associated compounds and pharmacological effects of these products are complex, their clinical pharmacology has not been systematically evaluated.

Abuse potential of non-nicotine tobacco smoke components: acetaldehyde, nornicotine, cotinine, and anabasine.

Introduction: This review identified published animal studies evaluating the possible abuse potential of acetaldehyde, nornicotine, cotinine, and anabasine based on five commonly used paradigms. These include their effects on midbrain dopamine (DA) levels, drug discrimination and substitution for known drugs of abuse, place conditioning, self-administration behavior, and somatic withdrawal symptoms.

Results: Acetaldehyde had mixed effects on midbrain DA levels and drug discrimination; however, it consistently produced a conditioned place preference and supported self-administration.

The health effects of menthol cigarettes as compared to non-menthol cigarettes.

Since the 1920s, menthol has been added to cigarettes and used as a characterizing flavor. The health effects of cigarette smoking are well documented, however the health effects of menthol cigarettes as compared to non-menthol cigarettes is less well studied. This review discusses menthol's effects on 1) biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure, 2) toxicity and cellular effects, 3) lung function and respiration, 4) pulmonary and/or vascular function, 5) allergic reactions and inflammation, and 6) tobacco-related diseases.

Menthol cigarettes and smoking cessation behavior.

Although much is known about smoking cessation behavior, the vast majority of research has not assessed menthol as an independent factor. The objective of this review is to assess the effects, if any, that use of menthol cigarettes has on smoking cessation success in adults and youth. A total of 20 articles are included in this review.

Menthol cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence.

Since tobacco use is driven by dependence on nicotine, the primary addictive substance in tobacco, much research has focused on nicotine dependence. Less well understood, however, is the role that menthol plays in nicotine dependence. This review seeks to examine what role, if any, menthol plays in nicotine addiction in adults and youth.

Sensory properties of menthol and smoking topography.

Although there is a great deal known about menthol as a flavoring agent in foods and confections, less is known about the particular sensory properties of menthol cigarette smoke. Similarly, although smoking topography (the unique way an individual smokes a cigarette) has been well studied using non-menthol cigarettes, there is relatively less known about how menthol affects smoking behavior. The objective of this review is to assess the sensory properties of menthol tobacco smoke, and smoking topography associated with menthol cigarettes.