Open bite in adult patients.

Anterior open bite (AOB) is characterized by the lack of overlap or contact between maxillary and mandibular incisors, while the posterior teeth are in occlusion. Correction of this malocclusion is challenging due to difficulties in determining and addressing the etiologic factors, and the high relapse rate. A multidisciplinary approach may be necessary, with participation of Orthodontics, Surgery and Speech Therapy, to achieve adequate esthetic and functional results for long term stability.

Do premolar extractions necessarily result in a flat face? No, when properly indicated.

The esthetic benefits are among the main goals of orthodontic treatment; therefore, tooth extractions have been avoided as a protocol for orthodontic treatment because they may impair the facial profile. The present article discusses aspects as the magnitude and response of soft tissue profile due to changes in incisor positioning, and the effect of different sequences of premolar extraction. One case report illustrates the subject, with favorable and stable esthetic and occlusal outcomes five years after orthodontic treatment with extraction of second premolars.

Conventional surgical-orthodontic approach with double-jaw surgery for a patient with a skeletal Class III malocclusion: Stability of results 10 years posttreatment.

This case report presents the treatment of a young man with a skeletal Class III malocclusion. He was treated with a conventional surgical-orthodontic approach in which 2 jaw surgeries were performed. The esthetic facial profile, pleasant smile, appropriate occlusion, and overall good treatment outcome remained stable 10 years after active orthodontic treatment.

Surgery first using skeletal anchorage with tandem mechanics for mandibular molar distalization.

This case report describes the orthodontic retreatment a patient with a skeletal Class III malocclusion. The clinical examination showed a concave profile caused by a retruded maxilla and a prognathic mandible, an occlusal cant, and absence of all first premolars. A surgery-first approach was combined with skeletal anchorage implants in the maxillary arch and tandem mechanics.

Hepatitis B virus-specific T-cell responses during IFN administration in a small cohort of chronic hepatitis B patients under nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment.

The effect of pegylated interferon-α (IFN) add-on therapy on HBV-specific T-cell responses was evaluated in 12 patients with stable, undetectable hepatitis B virus (HBV) load under nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated at week 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 of IFN add-on therapy. Quantity and quality of circulating HBV S- and core-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were analysed ex vivo by flow cytometry.

Orthodontic treatment for a patient with advanced periodontal disease: 11-year follow-up.

This case report demonstrates the interdisciplinary treatment of an adult patient with a Class II malocclusion, convex profile, incompetent lips, gummy smile, and advanced periodontal loss. Initial periodontal-endodontic treatment was followed by orthodontic and orthognathic surgical therapies. An esthetic facial profile, a pleasing smile, an appropriate occlusion, and overall good treatment outcomes, including the periodontal condition, remained stable 11 years after active orthodontic treatment.

Mini-implants: mechanical resource for molars uprighting.

Introduction: The early orthodontic treatment allows correction of skeletal discrepancies by growth control, and the elimination of deleterious habits, which are risk factors for the development of malocclusions, favoring for the correction of tooth positioning later in a second treatment stage. During development of teeth and occlusion, the mandibular second molars commonly erupt in the oral cavity after all other teeth of the anterior region. In their eruptive process there may be a condition known as tooth impaction, which precludes its complete eruption and requires proper uprighting treatment.

Orthodontically induced eruption of a horizontally impacted maxillary central incisor.

This case report presents the clinical features and periodontal findings in a patient with a horizontally impacted maxillary central incisor that had been exposed and aligned after a closed-eruption surgical technique. By combining 3 treatment stages-maxillary expansion, crown exposure surgery, and induced eruption-the horizontally impacted incisor was successfully moved into proper position. The patient finished treatment with a normal and stable occlusion between the maxillary and mandibular arches, and an adequate width of attached gingiva, even in the area surrounding the crown.

Periodontal ligament distraction: esthetics and occlusal stability at the 2-year follow-up.

Dental distraction is an orthodontic tooth movement technique that allows closure of extraction spaces, usually of premolars, in periods from 1 to 3 weeks, by bodily retraction of the canine. This article reports on canine distalization by using a distractor device obtained from a conventional hyrax screw. The patient was an adolescent boy, aged 17 years 9 months, who came to the clinic with the chief complaint of tooth crowding.

Longitudinal changes in HIV-1-specific T-cell quality associated with viral load dynamic.

Background: Several correlates of HIV control have been described; however their predictive values remain unclear, since most studies have been performed in cross-sectional settings.

Objectives: We evaluated the cause and consequence relationship between quality of HIV-specific T-cell response and viral load dynamic in a temporal perspective.

Study Design: HIV-1-specific T-cell responses were monitored over 7 years in a patient that following treatment interruption maintained a stable/low viral set point for 3.

Conservative orthodontic treatment for a patient with a unilateral condylar fracture.

Trauma to the mandible often causes condylar fracture. This article reports the conservative treatment of a 10-year-old girl with a unilateral condylar fracture, highlighting the diagnostic aspects involved and the strategy used. The conservative approach used for this patient-bionator followed by full fixed orthodontic appliances-provided adequate esthetic and functional results.

A new antigen scanning strategy for monitoring HIV-1 specific T-cell immune responses.

Delineation of the immune correlates of protection in natural infection or after vaccination is a mandatory step for vaccine development. Although the most recent techniques allow a sensitive and specific detection of the cellular immune response, a consensus on the best strategy to assess their magnitude and breadth is yet to be reached. Within the AIDS Vaccine Integrated Project (AVIP http://www.

Maxillary canine retraction with self-ligating and conventional brackets.

Objective: To measure space closure during the retraction of upper permanent canines with self-ligating and conventional brackets.

Materials And Methods: Fifteen patients who required maxillary canine retraction into first premolar extraction sites as part of their orthodontic treatment completed this study. In a random split-mouth design, the retraction of upper canines was performed using an elastomeric chain with 150 g of force.

Nef-specific CD45RA+ CD8+ T cells secreting MIP-1beta but not IFN-gamma are associated with nonprogressive HIV-1 infection.

Background: Long-term survival of HIV-1 infected individuals is usually achieved by continuous administration of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). An exception to this scenario is represented by HIV-1 infected nonprogressors (NP) which maintain relatively high circulating CD4+ T cells without clinical symptoms for several years in the absence of ART. Several lines of evidence indicate an important role of the T-cell response in the modulation of HIV-1 infection during the acute and chronic phase of the disease.

MVA-nef induces HIV-1-specific polyfunctional and proliferative T-cell responses revealed by the combination of short- and long-term immune assays.

Several vaccination trials are evaluating the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) as a delivery vector in various clinical settings. In this paper, we present the reevaluation of a therapeutic vaccination trial in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected individuals treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy using MVA-expressing HIV-1 nef. Immunogenicity of MVA-nef was assessed using multicolor flow cytometry.

The intracellular detection of MIP-1beta enhances the capacity to detect IFN-gamma mediated HIV-1-specific CD8 T-cell responses in a flow cytometric setting providing a sensitive alternative to the ELISPOT.

Background: T-cell mediated immunity likely plays an important role in controlling HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS. Several candidate vaccines against HIV-1 aim at stimulating cellular immune responses, either alone or together with the induction of neutralizing antibodies, and assays able to measure CD8 and CD4 T-cell responses need to be implemented. At present, the IFN-gamma-based ELISPOT assay is considered the gold standard and it is broadly preferred as primary assay for detection of antigen-specific T-cell responses in vaccine trials.