Neuropsychiatric adverse events in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate- and tenofovir alafenamide-based HIV therapy and prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta‑analysis.

Introduction: Tenofovir is integral to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pre‑exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV; however, neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPAEs) associated with its use have not been systematically investigated.

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to characterize common NPAEs occurring during tenofovir‑based ART and PrEP, and to assess the specific role of tenofovir in their emergence.

Patients And Methods: Four literature databases and 3 trial registries were searched up to December 31, 2023 for randomized controlled trials reporting NPAEs in treatment‑naive adults receiving tenofovir‑based ART or PrEP.

Macromolecule Translocation across the Intestinal Mucosa of HIV-Infected Patients by Transcytosis and through Apoptotic Leaks.

Based on indirect evidence, increased mucosal translocation of gut-derived microbial macromolecules has been proposed as an important pathomechanism in HIV infection. Here, we quantified macromolecule translocation across intestinal mucosa from treatment-naive HIV-infected patients, HIV-infected patients treated by combination antiretroviral therapy, and HIV-negative controls and analyzed the translocation pathways involved. Macromolecule permeability was quantified by FITC-Dextran 4000 (FD4) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) flux measurements.

Cytolytic CD8 T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS-CoV-2-related viruses is associated with severe manifestation of COVID-19.

Little is known about the CD8 T cell functionality in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, we examined twenty-five hospitalized COVID-19 patients with moderate (MD) or severe disease (SD) as well as seventeen SARS-CoV-2-unexposed persons regarding the cytolytic and cytokine-producing reactivity of their CD8 T cells. Reactive CD8 T cells were detectable in 90% of the unexposed persons, confirming high cross-reactive immune memory in the general population.

Hospitalization of German and Dutch Nursing Home Residents Depend on Different Long-Term Care Structures: A Systematic Review on Periods of Increased Vulnerability.

Objective: To investigate proportions of hospitalized nursing home residents during periods of increased vulnerability, ie, the first 6 months after institutionalization and the last 6 months before death, and comparing the figures between Germany and the Netherlands.

Design: Systematic review, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022312506).

Setting And Participants: Newly admitted or deceased residents.

Phase-and disorder-specific differences in peripheral metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in major depression, bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia.

Objectives: Kynurenine, kynurenic and quinolinic acid are important metabolites in tryptophan metabolism. Due to an involvement in glutamatergic neurotransmission and immune response, previous studies have investigated this pathway in mental disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) or schizophrenia (SCZ). Tryptophan and kynurenine have been shown to be decreased across disorders, hinting at the missing link how inflammation causes neurotoxicity and psychiatric symptoms.

Tryptophan catabolites and depression in the general population: results from the Gutenberg Health Study.

Previous studies reported significantly altered tryptophan catabolite concentrations in major depression. Thus, tryptophan catabolites were considered as potential biomarkers of depression and their modulators as potential targets for psychopharmacotherapy. However, the results were based mainly on studies with small sample sizes limiting their generalizability.

Reporting according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses for abstracts (PRISMA-A) depends on abstract length.

Objective: To evaluate reporting of abstracts of systematic reviews according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses for abstracts (PRISMA-A) 2013 checklist.

Study Design And Setting: A random sample of 534 systematic reviews on effectiveness indexed in PubMed between 2000 and 2019 was assessed. Adherence of abstracts to PRISMA-A was analysed using descriptive statistics.

Characteristics and place of death in home care recipients in Germany - an analysis of nationwide health insurance claims data.

Background: Most care-dependent people live at home, where they also would prefer to die. Unfortunately, this wish is often not fulfilled. This study aims to investigate place of death of home care recipients, taking characteristics and changes in care settings into account.

Successful treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia, a case series with simultaneous interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 blockade with 1-month follow-up.

Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 blockade showed beneficial results in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and evidence of cytokine release at the early disease stage. Here, we report outcomes of open-label therapy with a combination of blocking IL-6 with tocilizumab 8 mg/kg up to 800 mg and IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra 100-300 mg over 3-5 days. Thirty-one adult patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and signs of cytokine release, mean age 54 (30-79) years, 5 female, 26 male, and mean symptom duration 6 (3-10) days were treated.

Restrictions and their reporting in systematic reviews of effectiveness: an observational study.

Background: Restrictions in systematic reviews (SRs) can lead to bias and may affect conclusions. Therefore, it is important to report whether and which restrictions were used. This study aims to examine the use of restrictions regarding language, publication period, and study type, as well as the transparency of reporting in SRs of effectiveness.

Intestinal barrier dysfunction mediates Whipple's disease immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).

Background & Aims: Classical Whipple's disease (CWD) affects the gastrointestinal tract and causes chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, and barrier dysfunction with microbial translocation (MT). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a serious complication during antimicrobial treatment of CWD. The pathomechanisms of IRIS have not been identified and mucosal barrier integrity has not been studied in patients with IRIS CWD.

Impact of Fkbp5 × early life adversity × sex in humanised mice on multidimensional stress responses and circadian rhythmicity.

The cumulative load of genetic predisposition, early life adversity (ELA) and lifestyle shapes the prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human FKBP5 gene were shown to modulate disease risk. To enable investigation of disease-related SNPs in behaviourally relevant context, we generated humanised mouse lines carrying either the risk (AT) or the resiliency (CG) allele of the rs1360780 locus and exposed litters of these mice to maternal separation.

Sequential treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with intravenous immunoglobulins and pembrolizumab.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease of the CNS caused by the human polyomavirus 2 (JCV). PML predominantly occurs in immunocompromised patients. To date, no specific antiviral treatment exists, leaving only restoration of the immune system as possible treatment.

Untimely TGFβ responses in COVID-19 limit antiviral functions of NK cells.

SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes COVID-19. Given its acute and often self-limiting course, it is likely that components of the innate immune system play a central part in controlling virus replication and determining clinical outcome. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with notable activity against a broad range of viruses, including RNA viruses.

Human small intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by a mucosal infiltration with activated CD8 T cells.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has so far claimed over three and a half million lives worldwide. Though the SARS-CoV-2 mediated disease COVID-19 has first been characterized by an infection of the upper airways and the lung, recent evidence suggests a complex disease including gastrointestinal symptoms. Even if a direct viral tropism of intestinal cells has recently been demonstrated, it remains unclear, whether gastrointestinal symptoms are caused by direct infection of the gastrointestinal tract by SARS-CoV-2 or whether they are a consequence of a systemic immune activation and subsequent modulation of the mucosal immune system.

Utilisation of outpatient physiotherapy in patients following total knee arthroplasty - a systematic review.

Objective: Data on the utilisation of outpatient physiotherapy (PT) in patients following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are scarce, and available studies have not been systematically synthesised. This study aims to summarise the existing literature on outpatient PT following TKA as well as to identify factors associated with its use.

Methods: A systematic literature search in MEDLINE (via PubMed), CINAHL, Scopus and PEDro was conducted in July 2020 without language restrictions.

The association between plasma tryptophan catabolites and depression: The role of symptom profiles and inflammation.

Background: Tryptophan catabolites ("TRYCATs") produced by the kynurenine pathway (KP) may play a role in depression pathophysiology. Studies comparing TRYCATs levels in depressed subjects and controls provided mixed findings. We examined the association of TRYCATs levels with 1) the presence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), 2) depressive symptom profiles and 3) inflammatory markers.

Transversus abdominis plane block in urological procedures: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks have been shown to successfully reduce pain and opioid consumption after general and gynaecological surgery.

Objective: To evaluate whether TAP blocks alleviate pain and opioid consumption after urological procedures.

Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Nearly 80 systematic reviews were published each day: Observational study on trends in epidemiology and reporting over the years 2000-2019.

Background: Systematic reviews (SRs) are useful tools in synthesising the available evidence, but high numbers of overlapping SRs are also discussed in the context of research waste. Although it is often claimed that the number of SRs being published is increasing steadily, there are no precise data on that. We aimed to assess trends in the epidemiology and reporting of published SRs over the last 20 years.

Socioeconomic position and risk of unplanned hospitalization among nursing home residents: a nationwide cohort study.

Background: Socioeconomic inequalities in health and healthcare use in old age have been on the rise during the past two decades. So far, it is unknown whether these inequalities have permeated the nursing home setting. This study aimed to assess whether the socioeconomic position of newly admitted nursing home residents had an influence on their risk of unplanned hospitalization.

FKBP5 polymorphisms induce differential glucocorticoid responsiveness in primary CNS cells - First insights from novel humanized mice.

The brain is a central hub for integration of internal and external conditions and, thus, a regulator of the stress response. Glucocorticoids are the essential communicators of this response. Aberrations in glucocorticoid signaling are a common symptom in patients with psychiatric disorders.

The colonic mucosa-associated microbiome in SIV infection: shift towards Bacteroidetes coincides with mucosal CD4 T cell depletion and enterocyte damage.

The intesinal microbiome is considered important in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis and therefore represents a potential therapeutic target to improve the patients' health status. Longitudinal alterations in the colonic mucosa-associated microbiome during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection were investigated using a 16S rRNA amplicon approach on the Illumina sequencing platform and bioinformatics analyses. Following SIV infection of six animals, no alterations in microbial composition were observed before the viral load peaked in the colon.

Needs and availability of medical specialists' and allied health professionals' visits in German nursing homes: a cross-sectional study of nursing home staff.

Background: The medical care for nursing home residents is estimated to be partly inadequate in Germany. The aim of this study is to investigate the needs and utilization of general practitioners (GPs), medical specialists and allied health professionals.

Methods: A survey was sent to a nationwide random sample of 1069 nursing homes in Germany in January 2019.