Fenestration of the facial nerve by the stylomastoid artery.

Background: Anatomic landmarks such as the tympanomastoid suture line, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, tragal pointer, and styloid process can assist the parotid surgeon in identifying and preserving the facial nerve. Vascular structures such as the posterior auricular artery and its branch, the stylomastoid artery, lay in close proximity to the facial nerve and have been proposed as landmarks for the identification of the facial nerve. In this case report, we describe an anatomic variation in which the stylomastoid artery has fenestrated the main trunk of the facial nerve, dividing it in two.

The Impact of Sinonasal Symptoms in Relation to Potentially Life-Threatening Comorbidities.

Objective: While general health may be influenced by sinonasal symptoms, their effects may be overshadowed by comorbid states which may be more serious. To assess the validity of this postulate, we measured the extent to which sinonasal symptoms and concurrent conditions influenced general health.

Study Design: Observational outcomes study.

Normative Values for the Inner EAR Scale.

Objective: To determine normative values for the Inner Effectiveness of Auditory Rehabilitation (Inner EAR) scale, a validated instrument utilized to study the impact of hearing loss and potential treatments.

Study Design: Observational outcomes study.

Setting: Academic medical center and community care sites.

Laryngeal complications of COVID-19.

Objective: To describe and visually depict laryngeal complications in patients recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection along with associated patient characteristics.

Study Design: Prospective patient series.

Setting: Tertiary laryngology care centers.

Laryngeal Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Objective: To describe a case of laryngeal Langerhans cell histiocytosis, discuss its characteristic features and management, and provide a review of the available literature.

Methods: A patient presenting to a tertiary care medical center with dyspnea and hoarseness is described. A literature review of laryngeal Langerhans cell histiocytosis cases was performed through a search of articles indexed in the National Institutes of Health PubMed system.

Psychological Status as an Effect Modifier of the Association Between Sinonasal Instrument and Imaging Results.

Objective: To determine whether psychological status is an effect modifier of the previously observed low discriminatory capacity of Sinonasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) scores for Lund-Mackay computed tomography (CT) results.

Study Design: Observational outcomes study.

Setting: Tertiary care center.

SnapShot: COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2. Viral entry is mediated through viral spike protein and host ACE2 enzyme interaction. Most cases are mild; severe disease often involves cytokine storm and organ failure.

Enhancer Histone Acetylation Modulates Transcriptional Bursting Dynamics of Neuronal Activity-Inducible Genes.

Neuronal activity-inducible gene transcription correlates with rapid and transient increases in histone acetylation at promoters and enhancers of activity-regulated genes. Exactly how histone acetylation modulates transcription of these genes has remained unknown. We used single-cell in situ transcriptional analysis to show that Fos and Npas4 are transcribed in stochastic bursts in mouse neurons and that membrane depolarization increases mRNA expression by increasing burst frequency.

Transcribing the connectome: roles for transcription factors and chromatin regulators in activity-dependent synapse development.

The wiring of synaptic connections in the developing mammalian brain is shaped by both intrinsic and extrinsic signals. One point where these regulatory pathways converge is via the sensory experience-dependent regulation of new gene transcription. Recent studies have elucidated a number of molecular mechanisms that allow nuclear transcription factors and chromatin regulatory proteins to encode aspects of specificity in experience-dependent synapse development.