Primary School Education May Be Sufficient to Moderate a Memory-Hippocampal Relationship.

According to the cognitive reserve theory, intellectual stimuli acquired during life can prevent against developing cognitive impairment. The underlying cognitive reserve mechanisms were underexplored in low-educated individuals. Because episodic memory impairment due to hippocampal dysfunction is a key feature of Alzheimer's dementia (AD), we sought to look at a possible cognitive reserve mechanism by determining whether few years of education moderated the relationship between the hippocampal volumes and the episodic-memory scores.

Neurons selectively targeted in frontotemporal dementia reveal early stage TDP-43 pathobiology.

TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) aggregation is the most common pathological hallmark in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and characterizes nearly all patients with motor neuron disease (MND). The earliest stages of TDP-43 pathobiology are not well-characterized, and whether neurodegeneration results from TDP-43 loss-of-function or aggregation remains unclear. In the behavioral variant of FTD (bvFTD), patients undergo selective dropout of von Economo neurons (VENs) and fork cells within the frontoinsular (FI) and anterior cingulate cortices.

Design and Fabrication of Streptavidin-Functionalized, Fluorescently Labeled Polymeric Nanocarriers.

Targeted drug delivery has great potential for improving therapeutic outcomes for many diseases. Polymeric nanocarriers can improve the targeted delivery of insoluble and toxic drugs but, to achieve this, it is important to tailor the particle properties. In this study, nanoparticles comprised of poly(ethylene oxide)- b-poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PEO- b-PDLLA) were made by flash nanoprecipitation while varying the compositions of the additives poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA), a fluorophore 6,13-bis(triisopropylsylylethynyl) (TIPS) pentacene, and poly(acrylic acid)- b-poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PAA- b-PDLLA) to characterize their effects on size, ζ potential, fluorescence, and surface functionalization.

Meningeal inflammation and cortical demyelination in acute multiple sclerosis.

Objective: Cortical gray matter (GM) pathology, involving demyelination and neurodegeneration, associated with meningeal inflammation, could be important in determining disability progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, we need to know more about how cortical demyelination, neurodegeneration, and meningeal inflammation contribute to pathology at early stages of MS to better predict long-term outcome.

Methods: Tissue blocks from short disease duration MS (n = 12, median disease duration = 2 years), progressive MS (n = 21, disease duration = 25 years), non-diseased controls (n = 11), and other neurological inflammatory disease controls (n = 6) were quantitatively analyzed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and in situ hybridization.

Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers predict frontotemporal dementia trajectory.

Objective: The prognostic value of cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain, total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid beta was examined in frontotemporal dementia subtypes.

Methods: We compared baseline biomarkers between 49 controls, 40 patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, 24 with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia, and 26 with nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia. Linear mixed effect models were used to assess the value of baseline biomarkers in predicting clinical and radiographic change in patient cohorts over multiple yearly follow up visits.

Screening mammography use in older women according to health status: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The extent to which screening mammography (SM) recommendations in older women incorporate life expectancy factors is not well established.

Objective: The objective of this review was to evaluate evidence on SM utilization in older women by life expectancy factors.

Data Sources: We searched Medline, Embase and Web of Science from January 1991 to March 2016.

Two Different Buprenorphine Treatment Settings With Similar Retention Rates: Implications for Expanding Access to Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder.

There is considerable need for effective and accessible treatment for opioid use disorder. Our study explored differences in buprenorphine treatment retention and duration, with a focus on selected sociodemographic factors and treatment indicators, in two different settings: an office-based buprenorphine induction and stabilization clinic (OBIC) and a community-based primary care clinic (CPC). This nonexperimental retrospective chart review compared demographic information and buprenorphine treatment details, including treatment retention and duration.

Emerging Developments in Microbiome and Microglia Research: Implications for Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

From immunology to neuroscience, interactions between the microbiome and host are increasingly appreciated as potent drivers of health and disease. Epidemiological studies previously identified compelling correlations between perinatal microbiome insults and neurobehavioral outcomes, the mechanistic details of which are just beginning to take shape thanks to germ-free and antibiotics-based animal models. This review summarizes parallel developments from clinical and preclinical research that suggest neuroactive roles for gut bacteria and their metabolites.

Infantile Spasms of Unknown Cause: Predictors of Outcome and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation.

Background: No large-scale studies have specifically evaluated the outcomes of infantile spasms (IS) of unknown cause, previously known as cryptogenic or idiopathic. The Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project aimed to characterize IS of unknown cause by phenotype and genotype analysis.

Methods: We undertook a retrospective multicenter observational cohort of 133 individuals within the Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project database met criteria for IS of unknown cause with at least six months of follow-up data.

Utilizing the Lung as a Model to Study Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems.

Intranasal administration is a highly effective route for drug delivery and biodistribution studies. Indeed, this route of delivery has become the method of choice to distribute diverse pharmacological agents both locally and systemically. In the majority of preclinical animal models and in human patients, intranasal administration is the preferred method to deliver therapeutic agents to the airways and lungs.

Being Present: A single-arm feasibility study of audio-based mindfulness meditation for colorectal cancer patients and caregivers.

Unlabelled: A metastatic cancer diagnosis is associated with high levels of distress in patients and caregivers. Mindfulness interventions can reduce distress and improve quality of life in cancer patients. However, standard mindfulness training relies on in-person instruction, which is often not practical for either patients receiving chemotherapy or their caregivers.

Photo-triggered release of 5-fluorouracil from a MOF drug delivery vehicle.

A nano metal-organic-framework (nanoMOF) was employed as a first-of-its kind drug delivery vehicle (DDV) for the photo-controlled release of therapeutics with simultaneous breakdown of the carrier into small molecules.

Decreased clinical pregnancy and live birth rates after short interval from delivery to subsequent assisted reproductive treatment cycle.

Study Question: Does the interval from delivery to initiation of a subsequent ART treatment cycle impact clinical pregnancy or live birth rates?

Summary Answer: An interval from delivery to treatment start of <6 months or ≥24 months is associated with decreased likelihood of clinical pregnancy and live birth.

What Is Known Already: Short interpregnancy intervals are associated with poor obstetric outcomes in the naturally conceiving population prompting birth spacing recommendations of 18-24 months from international organizations. Deferring a subsequent pregnancy attempt means a woman will age in the interval with an attendant decline in her fertility.

Abnormal age-related cortical folding and neurite morphology in children with developmental dyslexia.

There is increasing recognition of a relationship between regional variability in cerebral gyrification and neurodevelopment. Recent work in morphometric MRI has shown that the local gyrification index (lGI), a measure of regional brain folding, may be altered in certain neurodevelopmental disorders. Other studies report that the lGI generally decreases with age in adolescence and young adulthood; however, little is known about how these age-dependent differences in brain maturation occur in atypical neurodevelopment and mechanisms underlying gyrification, such as synaptic pruning.

Adolescent Health Providers' Willingness to Prescribe Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to Youth at Risk of HIV Infection in the United States.

Purpose: HIV disproportionately affects young men who have sex with men. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can prevent HIV acquisition; however, youth access to PrEP is limited by provider willingness to prescribe PrEP.

Methods: We conducted an online survey of clinicians working with adolescents (aged 13-17 years) and young adults (aged 18-26 years) in the United States through the Society of Adolescent Health and Medicine.

Valuation of Quality of Life in Pediatric Disability in a Developing Country.

This article assessed how Indian providers and mothers value quality of life in pediatric disabilities, hypothesizing lower values with increasing disability, lower values among providers than mothers, and lower values among mothers with versus mothers without a disabled child. We asked 175 participants: "If born tomorrow, how many years of a disabled life ( y) would you trade to avoid life-long disability" for 4 hypothetical disabilities, calculating "utility" scores as: (life span - y) / life span, where death = 0 and full life without disability = 1. Providers' utilities were 0.

Zika Virus: Knowledge Assessment of Residents and Health-Care Providers in Roatán, Honduras, following an Outbreak.

Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of Zika virus (ZIKV) public health educational campaigns. Following a ZIKV educational campaign in Roatán, Honduras (October 2016), a survey was administered (March-May 2017) to residents ( = 348) and health-care professionals ([HCPs]; = 44) to evaluate ZIKV knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices, with attention to sexual health. Knowledge scores were calculated and mapped using participants' home locations.

Macrophages and Dendritic Cells Are the Predominant Cells Infected in Measles in Humans.

Characterization of human measles cases is essential in order to better assess the data generated in model systems of morbillivirus infection. To this end, we collected formalin-fixed tissue samples from 23 natural measles cases from different areas in the world and different phases of disease ranging from prodromal and acute measles to a persistent infection in an immunocompromised subject. We show that the vast majority of measles virus (MV)-infected cells in epithelia were intraepithelial immune cells that were, in most cases, positive for the CD11c myeloid cell marker.

Deployment Anxiety Reduction Training: A Pilot Study of Acceptability and Feasibility in Current or Recent Active Duty Service Members.

Objectives: The Deployment Anxiety Reduction Training (DART) is a manualized tool that was developed and piloted with active duty service members and recently deployed veterans regarding their response to potential and experienced acute combat stress reactions. DART is low risk and has high potential to be beneficial. It is a brief, one-session, non-pharmacological approach designed to reduce symptoms of peritraumatic panic and increase resilience in the face of a potentially traumatic stressor.

Prevalence of Mathematical and Visuospatial Learning Disabilities in Patients With Posterior Cortical Atrophy.

Importance: Increased prevalence of language-based learning disabilities (LDs) has been previously reported in patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA). This study hypothesized that patients with focal neurodegenerative syndromes outside the language network, such as posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), would have a higher rate of nonlanguage LDs, congruent with their mainly visuospatial presentation.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and type of LD (language and/or mathematical and visuospatial) in a large cohort of patients with PCA compared with patients with logopenic variant PPA (lvPPA) and amnestic Alzheimer disease (AD).

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Migraine Prevention in Adolescents: A Pilot Open-Label Study.

Objective: To assess the feasibility, tolerability, and patient acceptability of single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS) for migraine prevention in adolescents in an open-label pilot study.

Background: Migraine is common in adolescents and can be disabling. Well tolerated preventative therapies that are safe and effective are needed.

The association of flavored milk consumption with milk and energy intake, and obesity: A systematic review.

Taxes on sugary drinks are being implemented to prevent chronic diseases. Sugar-sweetened milk has been exempt from such policies because of its nutritional value. This systematic review sought to examine whether flavored milk consumption was associated with milk and energy intake, and obesity among children.

Progression and effect of cognitive-behavioral changes in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Background: To prospectively evaluate the progression of cognitive-behavioral function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and examine the association of cognitive-behavioral deficits with disease progression, patient quality of life (QOL), and caregiver burden.

Methods: We evaluated cognitive-behavioral function using the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Cognitive Behavioral Screen at enrollment and after 7 months in a cohort of patients with ALS. Paired tests were used to evaluate the change in the 2 assessments.

Modulating inflammation through the negative regulation of NF-κB signaling.

Immune system activation is essential to thwart the invasion of pathogens and respond appropriately to tissue damage. However, uncontrolled inflammation can result in extensive collateral damage underlying a diverse range of auto-inflammatory, hyper-inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. The NF-κB signaling pathway lies at the heart of the immune system and functions as a master regulator of gene transcription.

Preliminary evidence supports circulating microRNAs as prognostic biomarkers for type 2 diabetes.

Background: Circulating microRNAs are emerging as potential prognostic biomarkers for the development of type 2 diabetes. However, microRNAs are also associated with complications from impaired glucose metabolism (e.g.