Evidence of Magnetic Reconnection in Ganymede's Wake Region From Juno.

Magnetic reconnection has been commonly reported between the solar wind IMF and the magnetic field of Earth and other planets. A similar phenomenon is expected between Jupiter's magnetosphere and Ganymede's mini magnetosphere inside the Jovian magnetosphere. This article is the first report of a reconnection event in the tail region of Ganymede.

Juno Observations of Jupiter's Magnetodisk Plasma: Implications for Equilibrium and Dynamics.

The Jovian magnetodisk plays an essential role in the dynamics of the Jupiter system by coupling its various components. Here, we investigate the Juno (JADE, JEDI, and MAG) observations of the magnetodisk within 20-80 Jupiter radii ( ) in the 0-6 hr local time sector. JADE and JEDI data are combined to generate equatorial plane distributions of density, pressure, temperature, and anisotropy of electrons, protons, and heavy ions.

In situ evidence of the magnetospheric cusp of Jupiter from Juno spacecraft measurements.

The magnetospheric cusp connects the planetary magnetic field to interplanetary space, offering opportunities for charged particles to precipitate to or escape from the planet. Terrestrial cusps are typically found near noon local time, but the characteristics of the Jovian cusp are unknown. Here we show direct evidence of Jovian cusps using datasets from multiple instruments onboard Juno spacecraft.

Oxygen production from dissociation of Europa's water-ice surface.

Jupiter's moon Europa has a predominantly water-ice surface that is modified by exposure to its space environment. Charged particles break molecular bonds in surface ice, thus dissociating the water to ultimately produce H and O, which provides a potential oxygenation mechanism for Europa's subsurface ocean. These species are understood to form Europa's primary atmospheric constituents.

Gradient Organization of Space, Time, and Numbers in the Brain: A Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging Studies.

In this study, we ran a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies to pinpoint the neural regions that are commonly activated across space, time, and numerosity, and we tested the existence of gradient transitions among these magnitude representations in the brain. Following PRISMA guidelines, we included in the meta-analysis 112 experiments (for space domain), 114 experiments (time domain), and 115 experiments (numerosity domain), and we used the activation likelihood estimation method. We found a system of brain regions that was commonly recruited in all the three magnitudes, which included bilateral insula, the supplementary motor area (SMA), the right inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral intraparietal sulci.

Juno Plasma Wave Observations at Ganymede.

The Juno Waves instrument measured plasma waves associated with Ganymede's magnetosphere during its flyby on 7 June, day 158, 2021. Three distinct regions were identified including a wake, and nightside and dayside regions in the magnetosphere distinguished by their electron densities and associated variability. The magnetosphere includes electron cyclotron harmonic emissions including a band at the upper hybrid frequency, as well as whistler-mode chorus and hiss.

Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling Study at Jupiter Based on Juno's First 30 Orbits and Modeling Tools.

The dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere is controlled by the interplay of the planet's fast rotation, its solar-wind interaction and its main plasma source at the Io torus, mediated by coupling processes involving its magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. At the ionospheric level, these processes can be characterized by a set of parameters including conductances, field-aligned currents, horizontal currents, electric fields, transport of charged particles along field lines including the fluxes of electrons precipitating into the upper atmosphere which trigger auroral emissions, and the particle and Joule heating power dissipation rates into the upper atmosphere. Determination of these key parameters makes it possible to estimate the net transfer of momentum and energy between Jovian upper atmosphere and equatorial magnetosphere.

Inner southern magnetosphere observation of Mercury via SERENA ion sensors in BepiColombo mission.

Mercury's southern inner magnetosphere is an unexplored region as it was not observed by earlier space missions. In October 2021, BepiColombo mission has passed through this region during its first Mercury flyby. Here, we describe the observations of SERENA ion sensors nearby and inside Mercury's magnetosphere.

Effects of background noise on fit parameters of plasma scattering angle distributions.

The presence of noise in plasma particle measurements by scientific instruments causes inaccuracies in the determined plasma bulk parameters. This study demonstrates and evaluates the effects of noise in the determination of typical distribution functions describing the scattering angles of plasma particles passing through thin foils. First, we simulate measurements of plasma particles passing through a thin carbon foil, considering that their scattering angles follow kappa-like distribution functions, as being addressed in previous studies.

Jupiter's Low-Altitude Auroral Zones: Fields, Particles, Plasma Waves, and Density Depletions.

The Juno spacecraft's polar orbits have enabled direct sampling of Jupiter's low-altitude auroral field lines. While various data sets have identified unique features over Jupiter's main aurora, they are yet to be analyzed altogether to determine how they can be reconciled and fit into the bigger picture of Jupiter's auroral generation mechanisms. Jupiter's main aurora has been classified into distinct "zones", based on repeatable signatures found in energetic electron and proton spectra.

Linear or non-linear multivariate calibration models? That is the question.

Concepts from data science, machine learning, deep learning and artificial neural networks are spreading in many disciplines. The general idea is to exploit the power of statistical tools to interpret complex and, in many cases, non-linear data. Specifically in analytical chemistry, many chemometrics tools are being developed.

Probing the Magnetosheath Boundaries Using Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) Orbital Encounters.

Inside the magnetosheath, the IBEX-Hi energetic neutral atom (ENA) imager measures a distinct background count rate that is more than 10 times the typical heliospheric ENA emissions observed when IBEX is outside the magnetosheath. The source of this enhancement is magnetosheath ions of solar wind (SW) origin that deflect around the Earth's magnetopause (MP), scatter and neutralize from the anti-sunward part of the IBEX-Hi sunshade, and continue into the instrument as neutral atoms, behaving indistinguishably from ENAs emitted from distant plasma sources. While this background pollutes observations of outer heliospheric ENAs, it provides a clear signature of IBEX crossings over the magnetospheric boundaries.

Water-Group Pickup Ions From Europa-Genic Neutrals Orbiting Jupiter.

Water-group gas continuously escapes from Jupiter's icy moons to form co-orbiting populations of particles or neutral toroidal clouds. These clouds provide insights into their source moons as they reveal loss processes and compositions of their parent bodies, alter local plasma composition, and act as sources and sinks for magnetospheric particles. We report the first observations of H pickup ions in Jupiter's magnetosphere from 13 to 18 Jovian radii and find a density ratio of H /H = 8 ± 4%, confirming the presence of a neutral H toroidal cloud.

Closed Fluxtubes and Dispersive Proton Conics at Jupiter's Polar Cap.

Two distinct proton populations are observed over Jupiter's southern polar cap: a ∼1 keV core population and ∼1-300 keV dispersive conic population at 6-7 R planetocentric distance. We find the 1 keV core protons are likely the seed population for the higher-energy dispersive conics, which are accelerated from a distance of ∼3-5 R. Transient wave-particle heating in a "pressure-cooker" process is likely responsible for this proton acceleration.

A Preliminary Study of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling at Jupiter: Juno Multi-Instrument Measurements and Modeling Tools.

The dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere are controlled by the interplay of the planet's fast rotation, its main iogenic plasma source and its interaction with the solar wind. Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere (MIT) coupling processes controlling this interplay are significantly different from their Earth and Saturn counterparts. At the ionospheric level, they can be characterized by a set of key parameters: ionospheric conductances, electric currents and fields, exchanges of particles along field lines, Joule heating and particle energy deposition.

Enabling teleophthalmology during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Province of Trento, Italy: Design and implementation of a mHealth solution.

Background: Due to the many restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 emergency, the normal clinical activities have been stopped abruptly in view of limiting the circulation of the virus. The extraordinary containment measures have had a dramatic impact on the undertaking and follow-up of ophthalmic outpatients.

Objective: In order to guarantee proper monitoring and routine care, the Pediatric Ophthalmology equipe of Rovereto Hospital (North-East of Italy) supported by the Competence Center on Digital Health TrentinoSalute4.

Revealing the source of Jupiter's x-ray auroral flares.

Jupiter's rapidly rotating, strong magnetic field provides a natural laboratory that is key to understanding the dynamics of high-energy plasmas. Spectacular auroral x-ray flares are diagnostic of the most energetic processes governing magnetospheres but seemingly unique to Jupiter. Since their discovery 40 years ago, the processes that produce Jupiter's x-ray flares have remained unknown.

Cerebral venous thrombosis in spontaneous intracranial hypotension: A report of 8 cases and review of the literature.

Background: The occurrence of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) raises difficult practical questions regarding the management of the two conditions. The first-line therapy for CVT is anticoagulation (AC); however, its potential benefit in SIH/CVT patients, especially if complicated by subdural haematoma, must be carefully evaluated taking account of the intracranial haemorrhage risk. Venous system recanalization and good prognosis in SIH/CVT patients treated with epidural blood patch (EBP), the main treatment option for SIH, have been already described.

SERENA: Particle Instrument Suite for Determining the Sun-Mercury Interaction from BepiColombo.

The ESA-JAXA BepiColombo mission to Mercury will provide simultaneous measurements from two spacecraft, offering an unprecedented opportunity to investigate magnetospheric and exospheric particle dynamics at Mercury as well as their interactions with solar wind, solar radiation, and interplanetary dust. The particle instrument suite SERENA (Search for Exospheric Refilling and Emitted Natural Abundances) is flying in space on-board the BepiColombo Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and is the only instrument for ion and neutral particle detection aboard the MPO. It comprises four independent sensors: ELENA for neutral particle flow detection, Strofio for neutral gas detection, PICAM for planetary ions observations, and MIPA, mostly for solar wind ion measurements.

Flavonoid supplements increase neurotrophin activity to modulate inflammation in retinal genetic diseases.

Retinal degenerative disorders induce loss of photoreceptors associated with inflammation, and negative remodeling and plasticity of neural retina. Retinal degenerative diseases may have genetic and/or environmental causes. Degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium cells initiates a vicious circle increasing the ongoing inflammation in both retina and choroid.

Magnetotail Reconnection at Jupiter: A Survey of Juno Magnetic Field Observations.

At Jupiter, tail reconnection is thought to be driven by an internal mass loading and release process called the Vasyliunas cycle. Galileo data have shown hundreds of reconnection events occurring in Jupiter's magnetotail. Here we present a survey of reconnection events observed by Juno during its first 16 orbits of Jupiter (July 2016-October 2018).

Management of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension During Pregnancy: A Case Series.

Background: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a rare condition resulting from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume depletion, nearly always from spontaneous CSF leaks. CSF pressure in SIH is usually normal; low CSF pressure is found in a substantial minority of patients. SIH is uncommonly described in pregnancy.

Sensitivity for Multivariate Calibration Based on Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Networks.

The use of machine learning for multivariate spectroscopic data analysis in applications related to process monitoring has become very popular since non-linearities in the relationship between signal and predicted variables are commonly observed. In this regard, the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) to develop calibration models has demonstrated to be more appropriate and flexible than classical multivariate linear methods. The most frequently reported type of ANN is the so-called multilayer perceptron (MLP).

Energetic Oxygen and Sulfur Charge States in the Outer Jovian Magnetosphere: Insights From the Cassini Jupiter Flyby.

On 10 January 2001, Cassini briefly entered into the magnetosphere of Jupiter, en route to Saturn. During this excursion into the Jovian magnetosphere, the Cassini Magnetosphere Imaging Instrument/Charge-Energy-Mass Spectrometer detected oxygen and sulfur ions. While Charge-Energy-Mass Spectrometer can distinguish between oxygen and sulfur charge states directly, only 95.