The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Testicular Immune Regulation: A Delicate Balance Between Immune Function and Immune Privilege.

The testis is one of several immune privilege sites. These sites are necessary to decrease inflammation and immune responses that could be damaging to the host. For example, inflammation in the brain, eye or placenta could result in loss of cognitive function, vision or rejection of the semi-allogeneic fetus, respectively.

Moderate or severe LUTS is associated with increased recurrence of non - muscle - invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

Purpose: Non - muscle - invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) can recur despite transurethral resection (TURBT) and adjuvant intravesical therapy. Tobacco products excreted in the urine are hypothesized to cause tumor - promoting effects on urothelial cells through direct contact. We determined if moderate or severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) (defined as International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS] ≥ 8) was associated with increased tumor recurrence.

Antibiotic prophylaxis is not associated with reduced urinary tract infection-related complications after cystectomy and ileal conduit.

Objectives: Majority of complications after ileal conduit urinary diversion with cystectomy are related to urinary tract infections (UTIs). Controversy exists regarding use of prophylactic antibiotics after surgery. We determined if prophylactic antibiotic use during ureteral stent placement after ileal conduit urinary diversion decreased incidence of UTI-related complications.

Interactions between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer in large prostates: a retrospective data review.

Purpose: To study the interaction between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods: In this study, we performed a chart review of a cohort of 448 biopsy naive men. These men received a multi-core biopsy at our institution due to increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) serum levels (>4 ng/ml) and/or suspicious findings on digital rectal examination in the years between 2008 and 2013.

Implications on clinical management of the small renal mass in patients 80 years of age and older based on a retrospective review of the SEER database.

Purpose: Incidental detection of small renal masses has increased in recent years with increased use of various imaging modalities, and a substantial number of diagnoses are made in the elderly population. Minimally invasive surgical procedures have previously been established as options with excellent long-term oncological results, but surveillance strategies have more recently been introduced as alternatives for surgical intervention. This study reviews the outcomes for elderly patients treated with observation or surgery for small renal masses in order to better elucidate optimal management strategies.

PSA screening and deaths from prostate cancer after diagnosis--a population based analysis.

Background: The United States Preventative Health Task Force recently recommended prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening be abandoned, believing the results of prior studies failed to show benefits that outweighed risks. Prior analyses did not include a complete 10 year follow-up in their analyses.

Methods: SEER rate sessions were used to obtain for U.

Clinical outcome of patients with docetaxel-resistant hormone-refractory prostate cancer treated with second-line cyclophosphamide-based metronomic chemotherapy.

For patients with docetaxel-resistant hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) no standard chemotherapeutic treatment exists. In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of cyclophosphamide (CP)-based metronomic chemotherapy in this patient population. Patients with metastatic HRPC with disease progression under docetaxel-based chemotherapy were eligible.

Syndecan 1 shedding contributes to Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis.

The innate immune system is comprised of many components that function coordinately to prevent bacterial sepsis. However, thermal injury suppresses many of these factors, and the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa takes advantage of this condition, making it one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the setting of thermal injury. P.

Protamine sulfate reduces the susceptibility of thermally injured mice to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

Background: In this study, we investigated the ability of protamine sulfate, at sub-bactericidal dosing, to interfere with the in vivo virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) during burn wound infection.

Materials And Methods: The study was conducted using the murine model of thermal injury. Preliminary experiments determined a protocol for administration of protamine sulfate that had no in vivo bactericidal effects.