Effects of isolation, crowding, and different psychological countermeasures on crew behavior and performance.

Studies conducted by I. Altman in the 1960-70s revealed the increase in the individual stress level under isolation and confinement. Altman introduced the term "privacy" as a desired level of personal space that humans need to feel psychologically comfortable.

Wireless Monitoring of Changes in Crew Relations during Long-Duration Mission Simulation.

Group structure and cohesion along with their changes over time play an important role in the success of missions where crew members spend prolonged periods of time under conditions of isolation and confinement. Therefore, an objective system for unobtrusive monitoring of crew cohesion and possible individual stress reactions is of high interest. For this purpose, an experimental wireless group structure (WLGS) monitoring system integrated into a mobile psychophysiological system was developed.

Emotional energy, work self-efficacy, and perceived similarity during the Mars 520 study.

Background: The objective of the present research was to study the dynamics of changes in emotional energy, work self-efficacy and perceived similarity in the crew of the Mars 520 experimental study.

Methods: The study comprised six volunteers, all men, between 27-38 yr of age (M = 32.16; SD = 4.