Sharing sleeping sites disrupts sleep but catalyses social tolerance and coordination between groups.

Sleeping refuges-like other important, scarce and shareable resources-can serve as hotspots for animal interaction, shaping patterns of attraction and avoidance. Where sleeping sites are shared, individuals balance the opportunity for interaction with new social partners against their need for sleep. By expanding the network of connections within animal populations, such night-time social interactions may have important, yet largely unexplored, impacts on critical behavioural and ecological processes.

The sociality of sleep in animal groups.

Group-living animals sleep together, yet most research treats sleep as an individual process. Here, we argue that social interactions during the sleep period contribute in important, but largely overlooked, ways to animal groups' social dynamics, while patterns of social interaction and the structure of social connections within animal groups play important, but poorly understood, roles in shaping sleep behavior. Leveraging field-appropriate methods, such as direct and video-based observation, and increasingly common on-animal motion sensors (e.

Ecological, social, and intrinsic factors affecting wild orangutans' curiosity, assessed using a field experiment.

The readiness to interact with and explore novel stimuli-i.e., curiosity-is the cornerstone of innovation.

Alternative reproductive tactics of unflanged and flanged male orangutans revisited.

In many slowly developing mammal species, males reach sexual maturity well before they develop secondary sexual characteristics. Sexually mature male orangutans have exceptionally long periods of developmental arrest. The two male morphs have been associated with behavioral alternative reproductive tactics, but this interpretation is based on cross-sectional analyses predominantly of Northwest Sumatran populations.

Immature wild orangutans acquire relevant ecological knowledge through sex-specific attentional biases during social learning.

As a part of growing up, immature orangutans must acquire vast repertoires of skills and knowledge, a process that takes several years of observational social learning and subsequent practice. Adult female and male orangutans show behavioral differences including sex-specific foraging patterns and male-biased dispersal. We investigated how these differing life trajectories affect social interest and emerging ecological knowledge in immatures.

Why do orangutans leave the trees? Terrestrial behavior among wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) at Tuanan, Central Kalimantan.

Orangutans (genus Pongo) are the largest arboreal mammals, but Bornean orangutans (P. pygmaeus spp.) also spend time on the ground.