Chromosomal aberrations and early mortality in a non-mammalian vertebrate: example from pressure-induced triploid Atlantic salmon.

In commercial aquaculture, the production of triploid fish is currently the most practical approach to prevent maturation and farm-to-wild introgression following escapes. However, triploids often exhibit poor welfare, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Inheritance issues associated with sub-optimal hydrostatic pressure treatments used to induce triploidy, or the genetic background of parental fish, have been speculated to contribute.

A genetic method to infer ploidy and aberrant inheritance in triploid organisms.

Polyploidy occurs naturally across eukaryotic lineages and has been harnessed in the domestication of many crops and vertebrates. In aquaculture, triploidy can be induced as a biocontainment strategy, as it creates a reproductive barrier preventing farm-to-wild introgression, which is currently a major conservation issue for the industry. However, recent work suggests that triploidisation protocols may, on occasion, produce 'failed triploids' displaying diploidy, aneuploidy and aberrant inheritance.

Ab Interno Canaloplasty and Trabeculotomy Outcomes for Mild, Moderate, and Advanced Open-Angle Glaucoma: A ROMEO Analysis.

Purpose: To determine if there was an association between severity of glaucoma and intraocular pressure (IOP) and medication (med) outcomes for patients in the ROMEO (etrospective, bservational, ulticenter valuation of MNI) study.

Setting: Eleven ophthalmology practices in 8 US states.

Design: Post-hoc analysis of all eyes enrolled and treated with ab interno canaloplasty and trabeculotomy in the retrospective, multicenter ROMEO study.

Most of the escaped farmed salmon entering a river during a 5-year period were infected with one or more viruses.

Disease interactions between farmed and wild populations have been poorly documented for most aquaculture species, in part due to the complexities to study this. Here, we tested 567 farmed Atlantic salmon escapees, captured in a Norwegian river during 2014-2018, for five viral infections that are prevalent in global salmonid aquaculture. Over 90% of the escapees were infected with one or more viruses.

DNA and scale reading to identify repeat spawning in Atlantic salmon: Unique insights into patterns of iteroparity.

Iteroparity represents an important but often overlooked component of life history in anadromous Atlantic salmon. Here, we combined individual DNA profiling and scale reading to identify repeat spawners among ~8000 adult salmon captured in a fish trap in the river Etne, Norway, in the period 2015-2019. Additionally, 171 outward migrating kelts were captured in the spring of 2018-2020 and identified using molecular methods to estimate weight loss since ascending the river to spawn.

Using normalisation process theory for intervention development, implementation and refinement in musculoskeletal and orthopaedic interventions: a qualitative systematic review.

Background: Normalisation process theory (NPT) provides researchers with a set of tools to support the understanding of the implementation, normalisation and sustainment of an intervention in practice. Previous reviews of published research have explored NPT's use in the implementation processes of healthcare interventions. However, its utility in intervention research, specifically in orthopaedic and musculoskeletal interventions, remains unclear.

Time series covering up to four decades reveals major changes and drivers of marine growth and proportion of repeat spawners in an Atlantic salmon population.

Wild Atlantic salmon populations have declined in many regions and are affected by diverse natural and anthropogenic factors. To facilitate management guidelines, precise knowledge of mechanisms driving population changes in demographics and life history traits is needed.Our analyses were conducted on (a) age and growth data from scales of salmon caught by angling in the river Etneelva, Norway, covering smolt year classes from 1980 to 2018, (b) extensive sampling of the whole spawning run in the fish trap from 2013 onwards, and (c) time series of sea surface temperature, zooplankton biomass, and salmon lice infestation intensity.

Domestication-induced reduction in eye size revealed in multiple common garden experiments: The case of Atlantic salmon ( L.).

Domestication leads to changes in traits that are under directional selection in breeding programmes, though unintentional changes in nonproduction traits can also arise. In offspring of escaping fish and any hybrid progeny, such unintentionally altered traits may reduce fitness in the wild. Atlantic salmon breeding programmes were established in the early 1970s, resulting in genetic changes in multiple traits.

Disentangling the effects of sex, life history and genetic background in Atlantic salmon: growth, heart and liver under common garden conditions.

Livestock domestication has long been a part of agriculture, estimated to have first occurred approximately 10 000 years ago. Despite the plethora of traits studied, there is little understanding of the possible impacts domestication has had on internal organs, which are key determinants of survival. Moreover, the genetic basis of observed associated changes in artificial environments is still puzzling.

Atlantic salmon and sea trout display synchronised smolt migration relative to linked environmental cues.

Anadromous salmon and sea trout smolts face challenging migrations from freshwater to the marine environment characterised by high mortality. Therefore, the timing of smolt migration is likely to be critical for survival. Time-series comparing migration of Atlantic salmon and sea trout smolts in the same river, and their response to the same environmental cues, are scarce.

Epistatic regulation of growth in Atlantic salmon revealed: a QTL study performed on the domesticated-wild interface.

Background: Quantitative traits are typically considered to be under additive genetic control. Although there are indications that non-additive factors have the potential to contribute to trait variation, experimental demonstration remains scarce. Here, we investigated the genetic basis of growth in Atlantic salmon by exploiting the high level of genetic diversity and trait expression among domesticated, hybrid and wild populations.

Timing is everything: Fishing-season placement may represent the most important angling-induced evolutionary pressure on Atlantic salmon populations.

Fisheries-induced evolution can change the trajectory of wild fish populations by selectively targeting certain phenotypes. For important fish species like Atlantic salmon, this could have large implications for their conservation and management. Most salmon rivers are managed by specifying an angling season of predetermined length based on population demography, which is typically established from catch statistics.

Plasticity in growth of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon: is the increased growth rate of farmed salmon caused by evolutionary adaptations to the commercial diet?

Background: Domestication of Atlantic salmon for commercial aquaculture has resulted in farmed salmon displaying substantially higher growth rates than wild salmon under farming conditions. In contrast, growth differences between farmed and wild salmon are much smaller when compared in the wild. The mechanisms underlying this contrast between environments remain largely unknown.

Effect of Dose on Intra-Articular Amikacin Sulfate Concentrations Following Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion in Horses.

Objective: To compare synovial concentrations of amikacin following intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) with two different doses, and to compare their ability to reach target concentrations for bacterial isolates from common orthopedic conditions.

Study Design: Randomized crossover experiment.

Animals: Six adult horses.

Does density influence relative growth performance of farm, wild and F1 hybrid Atlantic salmon in semi-natural and hatchery common garden conditions?

The conditions encountered by Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in aquaculture are markedly different from the natural environment. Typically, farmed salmon experience much higher densities than wild individuals, and may therefore have adapted to living in high densities.

Sialoendoscopy as a treatment for an obstructed mandibular salivary duct in a horse.

A 14-year-old Quarter Horse was examined for a draining tract of 8 months' duration on the right mandible that was non-responsive to antibiotic therapy and surgical therapy. Further investigation and subsequent treatment with sialoendoscopy and ultrasonography were performed to relieve an obstruction of plant awns in the mandibular salivary duct.

Duration of serum antibody response to rabies vaccination in horses.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of age and inferred prior vaccination history on the persistence of vaccine-induced antibody against rabies in horses. DESIGN Serologic response evaluation. ANIMALS 48 horses with an undocumented vaccination history.

A common garden design reveals population-specific variability in potential impacts of hybridization between populations of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Released individuals can have negative impacts on native populations through various mechanisms, including competition, disease transfer and introduction of maladapted gene complexes. Previous studies indicate that the level of farmed Atlantic salmon introgression in native populations is population specific. However, few studies have explored the potential role of population diversity or river characteristics, such as temperature, on the consequences of hybridization.

Dermatological Adverse Events Associated with Topical Brimonidine Gel 0.33% in Subjects with Erythema of Rosacea: A Retrospective Review of Clinical Studies.

Background: The topical α2 adrenergic receptor agonist brimonidine gel 0.33% is an effective and safe pharmacological treatment for the facial erythema of rosacea. However, adverse events of worsened redness have occasionally been reported with its use.

Calorie restriction decreases murine and human pancreatic tumor cell growth, nuclear factor-κB activation, and inflammation-related gene expression in an insulin-like growth factor-1-dependent manner.

Calorie restriction (CR) prevents obesity and has potent anticancer effects that may be mediated through its ability to reduce serum growth and inflammatory factors, particularly insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and protumorigenic cytokines. IGF-1 is a nutrient-responsive growth factor that activates the inflammatory regulator nuclear factor (NF)-κB, which is linked to many types of cancers, including pancreatic cancer. We hypothesized that CR would inhibit pancreatic tumor growth through modulation of IGF-1-stimulated NF-κB activation and protumorigenic gene expression.

Inflammation and acne: putting the pieces together.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease in which abnormal desquamation, excess sebum production, proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes, and production of proinflammatory mediators all contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. A review of the literature shows that our current understanding of acne pathogenesis continues to evolve. Recent data suggests that inflammatory mediators may play a more important role than previously realized; however, how these mediators work independently as well as together in acne lesion progression is not well understood.

Antegrade intramedullary nailing for fifth metacarpal neck fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: We investigated the outcomes of the antegrade intramedullary nailing (AIMN) compared to other surgical modalities in the treatment for fifth metacarpal neck fractures via a systematic review.

Methods: Pain, functional scores, grip strength, total active motion (TAM), the range of motion (ROM) of the fifth metacarpal joint, complications and patient satisfaction were set to be the primary outcomes. The data were evaluated using a modified version of the Cochrane Collaboration tool.

Identification of molecular phenotypic descriptors of breast capsular contracture formation using informatics analysis of the whole genome transcriptome.

Breast capsular contracture formation following silicone implant augmentation/reconstruction is a common complication that remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify potential biomarkers implicated in breast capsular contracture formation by using, for the first time, whole genome arrays. Biopsy samples were taken from 18 patients (23 breast capsules) with Baker Grade I-II (Control) and Baker Grade III-IV (Contracted).

Anticipatory Governance: Bioethical Expertise for Human/Animal Chimeras.

The governance demands generated by the use of human/animal chimeras in scientific research offer both a challenge and an opportunity for the development of new forms of anticipatory governance through the novel application of bioethical expertise. Anticipatory governance can be seen to have three stages of development whereby bioethical experts move from a reactive to a proactive stance at the edge of what is scientifically possible. In the process, the ethicists move upstream in their engagement with the science of human-to-animal chimeras.