Larvicidal Effects of Metabolites Extracted from and Species against the Forth Larval Stage of (Diptera: Culicidae).

Background: Larvicidal agents can be produced using microbial resources, which are environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and economical. The study's goal was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of metabolites isolated from (, and ) and () bacterial species against .

Methods: Four metabolites isolated from and strains were exanimated for larvicidal activity.

Rodents as vehicle for delivery of transgenic bacteria to make paratransgenic sand fly vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in field condition.

Vector-borne diseases, among them leishmaniasis, cause more than 700,000 deaths annually. The lack of an effective vaccination and the increasing resistance of sand flies to insecticides require the urgent development of innovative approaches to contain the disease. The use of engineered bacteria that express anti-parasite molecules (paratransgenesis) shows much promise.

Evaluation of Repellency and Lethal Effects of Ultrasonic Waves on the (Blattodea: Blattellidae).

Background: The German cockroach, (Insecta: Blattodea, Blattellidae), which occurs widely in human buildings, is a small cockroach species. Cockroach control chemical pesticides are toxic to the environment, and it is sometimes impossible to prevent them. Controlling through ultrasonic waves can be efficient and less dangerous for the environment.

Periplaneta americana (Blattodea: Blattidae) fungal pathogens in hospital sewer systems: molecular and phylogenetic approaches.

Cockroaches are known as mechanical vectors of some pathogens that can infect humans. The present study aims to rapidly identify Periplaneta americana fungal pathogens from sewer systems of public hospitals in Esfahan using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. A total of 55 P.

First Report of Natural Infection of to and in the Endemic Foci of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran.

Background: The primary aim of this study is to determine infection to parasites in the wild population of and using molecular methods in some important zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis foci in Iran.

Methods: Sand flies were collected from active colonies of rodent burrows from 16 trapping sites using sticky trap paper. In order to detect and identify of parasites in females and the Nested-PCR amplification of ITS2-rDNA region was performed to generate amplicon with 245bp for , 206bp for and 141bp for .

Molecular Identification of kDNA in Naturally Infected Dogs and Their Fleas in an Endemic Focus of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Iran.

Background: Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) are considered as highly specialized bloodsucking on mammals such as dogs. The existence of three factors, namely a vast distribution area, different hosts, and digestive system with a specific mechanism for digesting blood has led to species of fleas who nourish from mammals be introduced as the potential vectors of diseases. The aim of this study was to assess natural infection of dog fleas in northwest Iran in 2018.

PCR Positivity of Gerbils and Their Ectoparasites for Spp. in a Hyperendemic Focus of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Iran.

Background: Various arthropods, including and have been suggested as secondary vectors of spp. many years ago. This study was conducted to determine zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) PCR positivity of reservoir hosts and their ectoparasites for spp.

species identification and their screening for possible infection to spp. in Kaleybar, East-Azerbaijan province, Iran.

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal and vector-borne disease. World health organization has considered the disease as a neglected tropical disease. and species (order: Diptera, family: Psychodidae) are human leishmaniasis vectors in new and old worlds.

Evaluation of Susceptibility Status of , the Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, to Different WHO Recommended Insecticides in an Endemic Focus, Central Iran.

Background: Among neglected zoonotic diseases, leishmaniases caused by parasite through infected female sand fly bite, are a group of diseases found in 98 countries and territories representing a critical burden of disease worldwide. Vector management plays a crucial role in reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases by WHO's global plan. The objective of the current study was to assess the susceptibility status of wild phlebotomine sand flies from Esfahan Province, central Iran, to the recommended insecticides by WHO.

Study on (Blattodea: Blattidae) Fungal Infections in Hospital Sewer System, Esfahan City, Iran, 2017.

Background: American cockroaches contaminated with pathogens inside hospital manholes can be one of the major problems that health care systems face.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the fungal infections of American cockroaches in the Esfahan hospital sewage network. The principle goal of the study was about the roaches as a vector of fungi and other pathogens.

Relationship between Some Environmental and Climatic Factors on Outbreak of Whiteflies, the Human Annoying Insects.

Background: The reports of numerous outbreaks of whiteflies from different parts of the world have increased its medical importance. The aim of this study was to determine relationship between environmental changes and climatic factors with the outbreak of the whitefly population in Tehran, the capital of Iran.

Methods: This study was carried out in urban areas of Tehran, where the increasing population of whiteflies was reported frequently during 2018.

Molecular Identification of Species in (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Western Iran.

Background: Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis are common in some areas of Iran and consider as health problems. has been incriminated as a suspected vector for the both form of leishmaniasis.

Methods: This study was carried out in 4 western provinces of Iran.

Human immune response to salivary gland antigens in a leishmaniasis-endemic focus in Iran.

Unlabelled: Salivary proteins specific antibodies have been shown to be useful biomarkers of exposure to sand fly bites. This study aimed to investigate the level, duration, and dynamics of the human immune response against the SGL of  Parrot, 1917 (Diptera: Psychodidae), and to assess the immunoreactivity of human sera with SGL components in an endemic area of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Iran. The study was carried out in 2-phase; longitudinal and cross-sectional.

Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different Anopheles species: a systematic review.

Plant-based repellents have been applied for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection approach against different species of Anopheles. Knowledge of traditional repellent plants is a significant resource for the development of new natural products as an alternative to chemical repellents. Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors worldwide.

Molecular Characterization of Based on Sequences of ITS2-rDNA Region and COI Gene in North of Iran.

Background: Malaria is an important mosquito-borne disease considered as one of the public health concerns across many countries. mosquitoes are the main vectors of parasites, which cause malaria. Some of these vectors such as s.

The Potential Role of Humans in the Transmission Cycle of Leishmania major (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), the Causative Agent of the Old World Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) due to Leishmania major (Yakimoff and Schokhor, 1914) is known as a neglected tropical disease, transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) in North Africa and the Middle East. The main reservoirs of ZCL are desert gerbils and the role of humans as a reservoir host of the disease is not clearly defined and is therefore investigated in this study. In order to achieve this objective, Ph.

Some epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis with emphasis on vectors and reservoirs of disease in the borderline of Iran and Iraq.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic and a major health problem in 17 provinces out of 31 in Iran. This study aimed to determine vectors and reservoirs of the disease using molecular techniques in the borderline of Iran and Iraq. Sand flies and rodents were sampled using sticky paper traps and metal wire live traps, respectively, in the selected villages.

Geographic and ecological features of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) as leishmaniasis in Central Iran.

Phlebotomine sand flies occur throughout the tropics and subtropics, as well as in temperate regions of the world. They are vectors of human and canine leishmaniasis and sand fly fevers caused by phleboviruses. This study was aimed to determine the geographic and ecological characteristics of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of leishmaniasis and to prepare a checklist of phlebotomine sand flies.

Assessing the insecticide susceptibility status of field population of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a hyperendemic area of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Esfahan Province, Central Iran.

Leishmaniasis is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) and emerging parasitic infection that affect mainly poor regions around the world. This study aimed to determine the baseline susceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi to commonly used insecticides in a hyper endemic area using WHO standard procedure in central Iran. A total of 4-5 replicates containing 120-200 sand flies were used for each insecticide.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Gram-Negative Pathogenic Bacteria Species Isolated from Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica in Varanasi, India.

Background: Cockroaches are among the medically important pests found within the human habitations that cause serious public health problems. They may harbor a number of pathogenic bacteria on the external surface with antibiotic resistance. Hence, they are regarded as major microbial vectors.

Deltamethrin-impregnated bed nets and curtains in an anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis control program in northeastern Iran.

Background: Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has long been a significant public health problem in northeastern Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of deltamethrin-impregnated vs. nonimpregnated bed nets (NIBs) and curtains (NICs) in ACL control.

Rodent control operations against zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural Iran.

Background: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is a serious and increasing public health problem in many rural areas of Iran. Previous studies showed that rodent control operations are effective in destroying rodents and reducing the incidence of ZCL on a small scale and in special circumstances. The objective of this study was to determine suitable timing for rodent control operations in reducing the incidence of ZCL in an endemic area in Badrood, Iran.