The role of hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and development of cancer stem cell: a novel approach to developing treatment.

Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors, and develops because of the rapid growth of the tumor that outstrips the oxygen supply, and impaired blood flow due to the formation of abnormal blood vessels supplying the tumor. It has been reported that tumor hypoxia can: activate angiogenesis, thereby enhancing invasiveness and risk of metastasis; increase survival of tumor, as well as suppress anti-tumor immunity and hamper the therapeutic response. Hypoxia mediates these effects by several potential mechanisms: altering gene expression, the activation of oncogenes, inactivation of suppressor genes, reducing genomic stability and clonal selection.

Therapeutic Effect of Adding Magnesium Sulfate in Treatment of Organophosphorus Poisoning.

Background: In recent years, the prevalence of poisoning has increased dramatically due to population growth and access to drugs and toxins. Today poisoning is one of the important reasons for visiting hospitals.

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of magnesium sulfate on organophosphorous toxicity.

A Comparison of Metoclopramide and Ondansetron Efficacy for the Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting In Patients Suffered From Renal Colic.

Background: Renal stones are the third common disease of the urinary system after infections and diseases of the prostate. One of the most common manifestations of this disease after acute pain is nausea and vomiting.

Aim: To compare the efficacy of metoclopramide and ondansetron in improving nausea and vomiting in patients referred to the emergency department with a chief complaint of nausea and vomiting.

Effectiveness of resident as teacher curriculum in preparing emergency medicine residents for their teaching role.

Introduction: Over the past 30 years, recognizing the need and importance of training residents in teaching skills has resulted in several resident-as-teacher programs. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of this teaching initiative and investigate the improvement in residents' teaching skills through evaluating their satisfaction and perceived effectiveness as well as assessing medical students' perception of the residents' teaching quality.

Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with pre- and post-tests, continuing from Dec 2010 to May 2011 in Imam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.