Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the analgesic effects of botulinum neurotoxin: A literature review.

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), derived from Clostridium botulinum, have been employed to treat a range of central and peripheral neurological disease. Some studies indicate that BoNT may be beneficial for pain conditions as well. It has been hypothesized that BoNTs may exert their analgesic effects by preventing the release of pain-related neurotransmitters and neuroinflammatory agents from sensory nerve endings, suppressing glial activation, and inhibiting the transmission of pain-related receptors to the neuronal cell membrane.

Comparing Three Different Modified Sitting Positions for Ease of Spinal Needle Insertion in Patients Undergoing Spinal Anesthesia.

Background: The most important point for performing a neuroaxial block in a sitting position is reducing lumbar lordosis, resulting in easier access to interspinous space and dura mater. There are a few studies comparing 2 different sitting positions including a traditional sitting position (TSP) versus forward bending or hamstring stretch position (HSP) as well as TSP versus squatting position (SP) for reversing the lumbar lordosis and improving access to intervertebral space for neuroaxial block.

Objectives: We compared 3 different sitting positions including traditional sitting position vs.

EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND-GUIDED SUBSARTORIAL APPROACH FOR SAPHENOUS NERVE BLOCK IN CASES WITH SAPHENOUS NERVE ENTRAPMENT IN ADDUCTOR CANAL FOR CONTROLLING CHRONIC KNEE PAIN.

Background: Saphenous nerve neuropathy is one of the causes of chronic pain of the knee. Blockade of saphenous nerve under sonographich guide has been used for controlling pain in recent years. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of saphenous nerve block for controlling pain in patients with chronic knee pain.