Evaluation of the precision of navigation-assisted endoscopy according to the navigation tool setup and the type of endoscopes.

Object: Preoperative image-based neuronavigation-assisted endoscopy during intracranial procedures is gaining great interest. This study aimed to analyze the precision of navigation-assisted endoscopy according to the navigation setup, the type of optic and its working angulation.

Methods: A custom-made box with four screws was referenced.

Evaluation of the effect of standard neuronavigation and augmented reality on the integrity of the perifocal structures during a neurosurgical approach.

Objective: Intracranial minimally invasive procedures imply working in a restricted surgical corridor surrounded by critical structures, such as vessels and cranial nerves. Any damage to them may affect patient outcome. Neuronavigation systems may reduce the risk of such complications.

Evaluation of the precision of operative augmented reality compared to standard neuronavigation using a 3D-printed skull.

Objective: Augmented reality (AR) in cranial surgery allows direct projection of preregistered overlaid images in real time on the microscope surgical field. In this study, the authors aimed to compare the precision of AR-assisted navigation and standard pointer-based neuronavigation (NV) by using a 3D-printed skull in surgical conditions.

Methods: A commercial standardized 3D-printed skull was scanned, fused, and referenced with an MR image and a CT scan of a patient with a 2 × 2-mm right frontal sinus defect.