Niobium treated by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation with calcium and phosphorus electrolytes.

Niobium plates were electrochemically treated by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) with electrolytes containing phosphorous and/or calcium. Three different electrolyte and experimental parameters were used forming three different surfaces. Film morphology, thickness, and chemical composition were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).