Transformation of flg22 perception into electrical signals decoded in vasculature leads to sieve tube blockage and pathogen resistance.

This study focuses on the question how and where information acquired by FLS2 perception of flg22 is transformed into electrical signals crucial for generation of local and systemic defense responses. In and leaves, FLS2 density was high in the epidermis and vascular parenchyma, low in mesophyll, and absent in sieve elements (SEs). Aequorin-based examinations disclosed dual cytosolic Ca peaks shortly after flg22 application, which corresponded with two voltage shifts from the epidermis to SEs.

RNA-Spray-Mediated Silencing of and Genes Improve Barley Disease Resistance.

Over the last decade, several studies have revealed the enormous potential of RNA-silencing strategies as a potential alternative to conventional pesticides for plant protection. We have previously shown that targeted gene silencing mediated by an expression of non-coding inhibitory double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) can protect host plants against various diseases with unprecedented efficiency. In addition to the generation of RNA-silencing (RNAi) signals , plants can be protected from pathogens, and pests by spray-applied RNA-based biopesticides.