A distal intergenic region controls pancreatic endocrine differentiation by acting as a transcriptional enhancer and as a polycomb response element.

Lineage-selective expression of developmental genes is dependent on the interplay between activating and repressive mechanisms. Gene activation is dependent on cell-specific transcription factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sequences. Gene repression often depends on the recruitment of Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, although the sequences that underlie the recruitment of PcG proteins, also known as Polycomb response elements (PREs), remain poorly understood in vertebrates.

Nuclear actin and myocardin-related transcription factors control disuse muscle atrophy through regulation of Srf activity.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating process that is associated with a wide variety of conditions including inactivity, disease and aging. Here, we demonstrate that the actin, myocardin-related transcription factors and serum response factor (actin-Mrtf-Srf) pathway is specifically downregulated in the muscle atrophy that is induced through disuse in mice. We show in vivo that the abolition of mechanical signals leads to the rapid accumulation of G-actin in myonuclei and the export of the Srf coactivator Mrtf-A, resulting in a decrease of Mrtf-Srf-dependent transcription that contributes to atrophy.

Srf: A key factor controlling skeletal muscle hypertrophy by enhancing the recruitment of muscle stem cells.

Adult skeletal muscles adapt their fiber size to workload. We show that serum response factor (Srf) is required for satellite cell-mediated hypertrophic muscle growth. Deletion of Srf from myofibers, and not satellite cells, blunts overload-induced hypertrophy, and impairs satellite cell proliferation and recruitment to pre-existing fibers.

Srf-dependent paracrine signals produced by myofibers control satellite cell-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

Adult skeletal muscles adapt their fiber size to workload. We show that serum response factor (Srf) is required for satellite cell-mediated hypertrophic muscle growth. Deletion of Srf from myofibers and not satellite cells blunts overload-induced hypertrophy, and impairs satellite cell proliferation and recruitment to pre-existing fibers.

Highly restricted diversity of TCR delta chains of the amphibian Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) in peripheral tissues.

Gammadelta T cells localize at mammalian epithelial surfaces to exert both protective and regulatory roles in response to infections. We have previously characterized the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) T cell receptor delta (TRD) chain. In this study, TRD repertoires in spleen, liver, intestine and skin from larvae, pre-adult and adult axolotls were examined and compared to the thymic TRD repertoire.

Vesicular glutamate transporter 3 immunoreactivity is present in cholinergic basal forebrain neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdala in rat.

The basal forebrain (BF) plays a role in behavioral and cortical arousal, attention, learning, and memory. It has been suggested that cholinergic BF neurons co-release glutamate, and some cholinergic BF neurons have been reported to contain vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3). We examined the distribution and projections of BF cholinergic neurons containing VGLUT3, by using dual-label immunofluorescence for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and VGLUT3, in situ hybridization, and retrograde tracing.

Developmentally regulated expression of VGLUT3 during early post-natal life.

Three subtypes of vesicular glutamate transporters, named VGLUT1-3, accumulate glutamate into synaptic vesicles. In this study, the post-natal expression of VGLUT3 was determined with specific probes and antiserums in the rat brain and compared with that of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2. The expression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 increases linearly during post-natal development.

Differential expression and regulation of the high-affinity choline transporter CHT1 and choline acetyltransferase in neurons of superior cervical ganglia.

Previous studies revealed that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and retinoic acid (RA) induce a noradrenergic to cholinergic switch in cultured sympathetic neurons of superior cervical ganglia (SCG) by up-regulating the coordinate expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Here, we examined the effect of both factors on high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) and on expression of the high-affinity choline transporter CHT1. We found that HACU and CHT1-mRNA levels are up-regulated by LIF and down-regulated by RA in these neurons.

Structure, diversity and expression of the TCRdelta chains in the Mexican axolotl.

Mammals and birds have two major populations of T cells, based on the molecular composition and biological properties of their antigen receptors (TCR). alpha beta T cells recognize antigenic peptides linked to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and gamma delta T cells recognize native peptide or non-peptide antigens independently of MHC. Very little is known about gamma delta T cells in ectothermic vertebrates.