Smoking-related behaviours of pregnant women depending on their place of residence.

Objectives: Smoking is a commonly recognized risk factor of civilization diseases. Despite many educational programmes concerning harmful effects of tobacco smoking, this habit is still very popular. Particularly alarming is a high percentage of pregnant women who smoke.

Complying with the smoking ban by students before and after introducing legislative intervention.

Objectives: More and more countries introduce a total ban on smoking tobacco in public places. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of "The Act of 8 April 2010 on amendment of the act on protection of health against the consequences of consumption of tobacco and tobacco products and act on National Sanitary Inspectorate" and assess the frequency of complying with the smoking bans by the students of the Medical University of Lodz, Poland.

Material And Methods: Between 2007-2011, at the Social Medicine Institute of the Medical University of Lodz, a study using random survey was carried out involving students who were starting their studies at the Health Department of the Medical University of Lodz.

Factors influencing the opinion of patients concerning the functioning of the Polish hospital before and after ownership transformation.

Studies of satisfaction among patients are a popular and frequently obligatory tool used in improving the quality of medical services worldwide. Becoming familiar with the opinion of the patients enables to adjust the venue to their expectations, thus contributing to the increase in its competitiveness. We aimed to study patients' satisfaction understood as a tool used in increasing the quality of medical services; in addition, we assessed factors that affect a worse review patients gave about the functioning of this Polish hospital before and after its transformation into a commercial company.

Effects of changes in ownership of the Polish hospital on the patients' opinion about its functioning.

System changes in health care centers have been directed at introducing such marketing elements into the Polish health care system as managerial approach to managing the centers and contracting medical services and quality management. High quality of the medical services and patients' satisfaction became the key factors deciding about "the brand" of a health care center. The aim of the work was to assess the effect of changes in ownership of the hospital on the patients' opinion about its functioning.

[Frequency of smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol and using drugs by the junior high school youth].

There is systematic decrease in the age of tobacco, alcohol and drug initiation in Poland among children and adolescents. Education concerning damage caused by smoking tobacco drinking alcohol and taking drugs, if started in due course, is of essence when it comes to the inhibition of these unfavourable phenomena. The aim of this work was to recognise the participation of smokers, people who drink alcohol and take drugs among students of junior high school as well as checking the dependency between early tobacco initiation and taking to drugs and alcohol among the youth.

[Teachers attitudes towards smoke-free regulations].

The aim of the study was to analyze the teachers attitudes towards smoke-free regulations in public places. The study population consisted of 348 teachers. Among the study participants the questionnaire was conducted including socio-demographic characteristic and smoking profile.

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) may predict exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in schoolchildren with atopic asthma.

Background: There is a need for the performance of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) tests in the monitoring of childhood asthma control. We aimed to evaluate whether in children with atopic asthma, EIB can be predicted by one or more of the following parameters or by their combination: fractional exhaled nitric-oxide (FeNO), allergy profile, asthma treatment, total IgE serum concentration and eosinophil blood count (EBC).

Methods: It was a retrospective, cross-sectional study.

[Smoking prevalence and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among school administrators].

The aim of the study was to evaluate smoking prevalence and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among school administrators. The study population consisted of 320 administrative workers in schools from Lodz district. Among the study participants self-administrative questionnaire was conducted.

[Behaviour concerning smoking among people from the closest environment of students who begin their studies at the Health Science Department].

It can be seen from many researches that popularity of smoking among the students is still high. Due to that fact, there is a necessity to search for factor that would influence the behavior and attitude to smoking among female and male students as early as their first year at university, and also include this in preventive programmes. The aim of the work is to present the behavior concerning smoking among people from the closest environment of students who begin their studies at the Health Science Department and determine their influence on behavior and attitudes of the tested towards smoking.

[Comparison of behaviour concerning smoking tobacco among male and female students who begin their studies in 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 academic years at the Health Science Department].

Despite the many years of systematic antinicotine action worldwide and In Poland, the percentage of people inhaling tobacco smoke in our country is still high. This fact is reflected in the number of people who begin their university career. The cause of a particular anxiety is great popularity of smoking among the students of medical universities and departments.

[Smoking-related behavior in the families of persons at the productive age who participated in the "Quit and win" competition].

Background: Tobacco combustion at high temperature in the form of a cigarette, pipe or cigar is a chemical process. All chemical compounds go into the smoker's body, as well as into the body of everyone who remains in the polluted environment. The aim of the research was to learn about smoking-related behavior at home among persons at the productive age who participated in the'Quit and Win' competition.

[Prevalence of tobacco smoking among participants of the Cardiovascular Prophylactic Program].

Background: Cigarette smoking contributes to nearly 40 percent of premature deaths all over the world. In Poland, approximately 10 million people are addicted to smoking. Smoking prevalence depends on the socioeconomic status.

[Changes in behavior related to tobacco smoking ten years after joining the "Quit and win" competition in the groups under additional intervention program].

Background: International anti-nicotine campaigns have been found to be efficient and economically effective methods of reducing tobacco addiction on a social scale. Nevertheless innovative methods are being looked for in order to increase the efficiency of anti-nicotine interventions. The aim of the research was to evaluate a long-term efficiency of two programs of additional anti-nicotine intervention introduced after the 2nd International Antinicotine Campaign conducted in Poland (1996) in two randomly chosen groups of people from among the participants of the 'Quit and Win' competition held in 1996.

[City dwellers' behaviour concerning smoking ten years after joining 'Quit and Win' competition].

Harmful influence of chemical compounds on human organism included in tobacco has been thoroughly tested and described in literature. The results of tests show quite clearly that it is worth undertaking actions that aim at limiting and perhaps even eliminating the habit of smoking in society. Antinicotine actions led in big populations are considered an effective and cheap method of fighting the habit of smoking.

Health evaluation of the 2nd International "Quit and Win" Antinicotine Campaign participants ten years later.

Smoking is one of the most often noticed types of negative behaviour among the Poles. In the work, the results of the health evaluation are presented of the participants of the 'Quit and Win' competition ten years after making a decision to refrain from smoking, also the dependency between this evaluation and behaviour connected with smoking among the people living in big cities and small towns and villages was analysed. Among the 648 respondents, majority, which is 302 people (46.

[Tobacco smoking in a sample of middle-size city inhabitants aged 35-55].

Tobacco smoking constitutes a common risk factor for the majority of civilization diseases, such as cardiovascular system diseases, malignant neoplasms and digestion and respiratory system disorders as well. Tobacco-related disorders relate to exacerbation of chronic diseases, for example diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Poland is one of those countries, where the prevalence of smoking is especially widespread.

[Frequency and location of inhaling tobacco smoke by the still smoking participants of the 'Quit and Win' competition who live in cities].

Mount of toxic chemical substances supplied to the human organism is directly proportional to the number of smoked cigarettes. Passive smoking is harmful not only for the non-smokers but also for the smokers themselves. The aim of the work is to establish the number of smoked cigarettes and location where tobacco smoke is inhaled at home, together with checking the differences in behaviour concerning smoking tobacco among the still smoking participants of the 'Quit and Win' competition who live in cities.

[Opinions of the participants of 'Quit and Win' competition concerning prizes motivating to refrain from smoking].

Big antinicotine campaigns both in Poland and worldwide, are finished with a competition with prizes of different value. Psychologists say that a prize significantly motivates a person to certain kinds of behaviour. During educational activities carried out in the time of campaign, it is recommended to use techniques of psychological interaction that would release motives most beneficial to health.

[Knowledge and behaviour concerning smoking tobacco among police officers].

Job of a policeman belongs to the group of jobs with highest factor of psychological load. Working under high stress results in police officers reaching out for a cigarette, regardless of their knowledge about how harmful it is, believing--quite wrongly--that this will lower the stress level. The aim of the research was to determine the behaviour of policemen concerning smoking tobacco and evaluating their knowledge about its influence on health.

[Knowledge about influence of smoking tobacco on health condition and developing fetus of the patients of women health center in urban and rural areas].

Chemical compounds that are present in tobacco smoke negatively affect the health of everyone, but most of all it damages the organism of the developing and young bodies. Both passive and active smoking is harmful. The level of knowledge in the society concerning smoking increases systematically.

Popularizing smoking among academic youth during the first years of studies.

For several years there have been systematic organization and educational activities carried out in many countries, also in Poland, aimed at large groups of people in order to limit the frequency of smoking. Living in environment free from tobacco smoke is a condition of maintaining good health of an individual and human population. The results of research show that it is very difficult to free oneself from smoking.

[Influence of tobacco products' advertisements on behaviour of the 'Quit and Win' competition].

Smoking cigarettes, pipes or cigars is in fact inhaling harmful tobacco smoke that is created as a result of burning. Harmful substances that are part of this smoke get inside all the organs, upsetting their activities and the proper running of the life processes. In many countries, spreading the habit of smoking has caused the unwanted changes in the health state of the people.

[Behaviour concerning smoking among the patients making use of advice in women health centres].

The level of knowledge in the society about the harmful influence of smoking is increasing systematically. But there are still many people ignoring the warnings and prohibitions concerning smoking. The results of the research show that it is highly worrying that there are people for whom smoking is incredibly dangerous, e.

[Frequency of smoking tobacco among the students of the last year of the Faculty of Health Sciences].

Smoking tobacco is one of the most frequent and most dangerous addictions among the Poles, at the same time--despite the many dramatic results--it is the most belittled of threats. It is difficult to understand especially those smokers who, due to their future or present job should be free from tobacco smoke. The aim of the work was to establish the participation of the smoke inhalers among the students of the last years of studies, focusing on the particular socio-demographic features.

[Attitudes and behaviour concerning cigarette smoking among the students of the first year at the Health Department].

Smoking is still very common in Poland. Our country is among the leading countries with the greatest consumption of cigarettes. It is estimated that currently, there are about 40% smokers among men and 20% among women.