Looking beyond time alone: An examination of solitary activities in emerging adulthood.

Introduction: Solitude represents an important context for emerging adults' well-being; but to date, little is known about how emerging adults spend their time alone. The goals of this study were to: (1) describe and characterize solitary activities among emerging adults attending university; (2) examine links between solitary activities and indices of adjustment; and (3) explore the moderating role of affinity for solitude in these associations.

Methods: Participants were N = 1798 university students aged 18-25 years (M  = 19.

Shyness and Socio-Emotional Adjustment among Young Chinese Children: The Moderating Role of Screen Time.

The primary aim of the present study was to examine the potential moderating role of screen time in the links between shyness and indices of socio-emotional adjustment in young Chinese children. Participants were = 211 children (112 boys, 99 girls) ages 43-66 months ( = 58.84 months, = 5.

Are you alone? Measuring solitude in childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood.

The goal of this review was to provide an overview of how solitude has been operationally defined and measured since the year 2000 in psychological studies of children, adolescents, and emerging adults. After applying exclusionary criteria, our review of the extant literature identified  = 19 empirical studies, which we grouped into three broad methodological categories: (1) experiments/manipulations ( = 5); (2) retrospective reports ( = 7); and (3) experience sampling measures (experience sampling methodology;  = 7). A review of these studies indicated considerable variation in how solitude is operationalized and measured.

Developmental changes in the structure of shyness and internalizing symptoms from early to middle childhood: A network analysis.

Shyness is a temperamental trait that shares considerable conceptual overlap with aspects of internalizing problems, creating difficulties in operationalizing and assessing these two constructs and their association. This study addresses these issues by employing network analyses. Participants were, white, N = 555 children (M  = 52.

Alone with my phone? Examining beliefs about solitude and technology use in adolescence.

In this study, we examined how technology impacts adolescents' perceptions of, and affective responses to solitude, as well as how adolescents' own motivations for solitude (shyness, affinity for aloneness) were related to these reactions. Participants were  = 437 adolescents (297 girls;  = 16.15 years, standard deviation () = .

Motivations for social withdrawal and academic adjustment in emerging adulthood.

While social withdrawal in childhood is typically associated with lower academic functioning, little is known about how motivations for social withdrawal may be connected to academic adjustment in emerging adulthood. The purpose of the present study was to examine associations between social withdrawal motivations (i.e.

Social Withdrawal and Social Surrogacy in Emerging Adulthood.

Shyness has been well established as a hindrance to social adjustment and may be problematic for emerging adults attending university, given the high social expectations placed upon students. Previous studies suggest emerging adults high in shyness recruit their friends to act as social surrogates in order to help reduce the stress of entering social interactions; yet, whether other less studied forms of social withdrawal (i.e.