Impact of Predation by Ciliate on Conjugation in subsp. .

Background/objectives: Antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) spread is driven by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Ciliated protozoa may contribute to this process, as their predation has been shown to facilitate HGT in certain bacteria. Here, this phenomenon was further investigated using subsp.

Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment: Towards Elucidating the Roles of Bioaerosols in Transmission and Detection of Antibacterial Resistance Genes.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is continuing to grow across the world. Though often thought of as a mostly public health issue, AMR is also a major agricultural and environmental problem. As such, many researchers refer to it as the preeminent One Health issue.

Aeromonas salmonicida intraspecies divergence revealed by the various strategies displayed when grazed by Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Worldwide, Aeromonas salmonicida is a major bacterial pathogen of fish in both marine and freshwater environments. Despite psychrophilic growth being common for this species, the number of characterized mesophilic strains is increasing. Thus, this species may serve as a model for the study of intraspecies lifestyle diversity.

Evidence that Bacteria Packaging by Is a Widespread Phenomenon.

Protozoa are natural predators of bacteria, but some bacteria can evade digestion once phagocytosed. Some of these resistant bacteria can be packaged in the fecal pellets produced by protozoa, protecting them from physical stresses and biocides. Depending on the bacteria and protozoa involved in the packaging process, pellets can have different morphologies.

Various dictyostelids from the environment can produce multilamellar bodies.

Multilamellar bodies (MLBs), structures composed of concentric membrane layers, are known to be produced by different protozoa, including species of ciliates, free-living amoebae, and social amoebae. Initially believed to be metabolic waste, potential roles like cell communication and food storage have been suggested for MLBs, which could be useful for the multicellular development of social amoebae and as a food source. However, among dictyostelids, this phenomenon has only been observed with , and mainly with laboratory strains grown in axenic conditions.

The fate of multilamellar bodies produced and secreted by Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae.

The amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum produces and secretes multilamellar bodies (MLBs) mainly composed of amoebal membranes upon digestion of bacteria. After their secretion, the fate of these MLBs remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if protozoa can internalize and digest secreted D.