The influence of frequency and gravity on the orientation of active metallo-dielectric Janus particles translating under a uniform applied alternating-current electric field.

Theoretical and numerical models of active Janus particles commonly assume that the metallo-dielectric interface is parallel to the driving applied electric field. However, our experimental observations indicate that the equilibrium angle of orientation of electrokinetically driven Janus particles varies as a function of the frequency and voltage of the applied electric field. Here, we quantify the variation of the orientation with respect to the electric field and demonstrate that the equilibrium position represents the interplay between gravitational, electrostatic and electrohydrodynamic torques.

The impact of selected abiotic factors on Artemia hatching process through real-time observation of oxygen changes in a microfluidic platform.

Current studies on abiotic impacts on Artemia, a crustacean which is widely used in aquaculture, and ecotoxicology, often focus on endpoint analysis (e.g., hatching rates, survival).

Analysis of Cargo Loading Modes and Capacity of an Electrically-Powered Active Carrier.

The use of active colloids for cargo transport offers unique potential for applications ranging from targeted drug delivery to lab-on-a-chip systems. Previously, Janus particles (JPs), acting as mobile microelectrodes, have been shown to transport cargo which is trapped at the JP surface by a dielectrophoretic mechanism. Herein, we aim to characterize the cargo loading properties of mobile Janus carriers, across a broad range of frequencies and voltages.

Active colloids as mobile microelectrodes for unified label-free selective cargo transport.

Utilization of active colloids to transport both biological and inorganic cargo has been widely examined in the context of applications ranging from targeted drug delivery to sample analysis. In general, carriers are customized to load one specific target via a mechanism distinct from that driving the transport. Here we unify these tasks and extend loading capabilities to include on-demand selection of multiple nano/micro-sized targets without the need for pre-labelling or surface functionalization.

Propulsion of Active Colloids by Self-Induced Field Gradients.

Previously, metallodielectric Janus particles have been shown to travel with their dielectric hemisphere forward under low frequency applied electric fields as a result of asymmetric induced-charge electroosmotic flow. Here, it is demonstrated that at high frequencies, well beyond the charge relaxation time of the electric double layer induced around the particle, rather than the velocity decaying to zero, the Janus particles reverse direction, traveling with their metallic hemisphere forward. It is proposed that such motion is the result of a surface force, arising from localized nonuniform electric field gradients, induced by the dual symmetry-breaking of an asymmetric particle adjacent to a wall, which act on the induced dipole of the particle to drive net motion even in a uniform AC field.

Observing Electrokinetic Janus Particle-Channel Wall Interaction Using Microparticle Image Velocimetry.

Three-dimensional/two-component microparticle image velocimetry is used to examine the hydrodynamic flow patterns around metallodielectric Janus particles 15 μm in diameter adjacent to insulating and conducting walls. Far from the walls, the observed flow patterns are in good qualitative agreement with previous experimental and analytical models. However, close to the conducting wall, strong electrohydrodynamic flows are observed at low frequencies, which result in fluid being injected toward the particle.

The influence of flow intensity and field frequency on continuous-flow dielectrophoretic trapping.

We examine the combined influence of the intensity of pressure driven background flow and the frequency of the applied field on the continuous-flow dielectrophoretic trapping behavior of micro-particles within a micro-channel. Using an embedded interdigitated electrode array, we find that the measured trapping percentage over a continuous frequency range exhibits several curious effects which are strongly dependent on the flow intensity, including an apparent shift of the cross-over frequency and low-frequency dispersion. A numerical and theoretical model accounting for the combined effects of pressure-driven flow, dielectrophoresis and alternating-current electro-osmosis on the equation of motion for the particle is used to qualitatively describe the main experimental results.

Spinning Janus doublets driven in uniform ac electric fields.

We provide an experimental proof of concept for a robust, continuously rotating microstructure-consisting of two metallodielectric (gold-polystyrene) Janus particles rigidly attached to each other-which is driven in uniform ac fields by asymmetric induced-charge electro-osmosis. The pairs (doublets) are stabilized on the substrate surface which is parallel to the plane of view and normal to the direction of the applied electric field. We find that the radius of orbit and angular velocity of the pair are predominantly dependent on the relative orientations of the interfaces between the metallic and dielectric hemispheres and that the electrohydrodynamic particle-particle interactions are small.

Induced-charge electrophoresis of uncharged dielectric spherical Janus particles.

We derive the equations governing the dipolophoretic motion of an electrically inhomogeneous Janus particle composed of two hemispheres with differing permittivities. The general formulation is valid for any electric forcing, including alternating current (AC) and makes no assumptions regarding the size of the electric double layer (EDL). The solution is thus valid even for nanoparticles where the particle radius can be of the same order as the EDL thickness.