Addressing the commercial determinants of mental health: an umbrella review of population-level interventions.

There is increasing evidence that commercial determinants impact mental health. Addressing the commercial determinants may therefore be a way of improving population-level mental health. This umbrella review aimed to provide an overview of evidence in this field and identify knowledge gaps.

Commercial determinants of mental ill health: An umbrella review.

Mental ill health has complex and interrelated underlying causes, with wider determinants of health often overlooked as risk factors. The 'commercial determinants of health' are gradually receiving more attention and recognition but there is a relative lack of awareness of the commercial determinants of mental health. This aim of this umbrella review was to synthesise systematic review level evidence for the association between commercial determinants and mental health outcomes.

Influencing attitudes towards antimicrobial use and resistance in companion animals-the impact on pet owners of a short animation in a randomized controlled trial.

Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a vital One Health issue; the rational use of antimicrobials is essential to preserve their efficacy. Veterinarians cite pressure from pet owners as a contributor to antimicrobial prescription. Engaging pet owners in antimicrobial stewardship could reduce this pressure.

The Commercial Determinants of Health and Evidence Synthesis (CODES): methodological guidance for systematic reviews and other evidence syntheses.

Background: The field of the commercial determinants of health (CDOH) refers to the commercial products, pathways and practices that may affect health. The field is growing rapidly, as evidenced by the WHO programme on the economic and commercial determinants of health and a rise in researcher and funder interest. Systematic reviews (SRs) and evidence synthesis more generally will be crucial tools in the evolution of CDOH as a field.

Understanding Antibiotic Use in Companion Animals: A Literature Review Identifying Avenues for Future Efforts.

Addressing antibiotic use is essential to tackle antimicrobial resistance, a major human and animal health challenge. This review seeks to inform stewardship efforts in companion animals by collating research insights regarding antibiotic use in this group and identifying overlooked avenues for future research and stewardship efforts. The development of population-based methods has established that antibiotics are frequently used in companion animal care.

What drives antimicrobial prescribing for companion animals? A mixed-methods study of UK veterinary clinics.

Antimicrobial use in companion animals is a largely overlooked contributor to the complex problem of antimicrobial resistance. Humans and companion animals share living spaces and some classes of antimicrobials, including those categorised as Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials (HPCIAs). Veterinary guidelines recommend that these agents are not used as routine first line treatment and their frequent deployment could offer a surrogate measure of 'inappropriate' antimicrobial use.

Quality improvements of safety-netting guidelines for cancer in UK primary care: insights from a qualitative interview study of GPs.

Background: Safety netting is a diagnostic strategy that involves monitoring patients with symptoms possibly indicative of serious illness, such as cancer, until they are resolved. Optimising safety-netting practice in primary care has been proposed to improve quality of care and clinical outcomes. Introducing guidelines is a potential means to achieve this.

Mixed-methods feasibility study of blood pressure self-screening for hypertension detection.

Objective: To assess the feasibility of using a blood pressure (BP) self-measurement kiosk-a solid-cuff sphygmomanometer combined with technology to integrate the BP readings into patient electronic medical records- to improve hypertension detection.

Design: A concurrent mixed-methods feasibility study incorporating observational and qualitative interview components.

Setting: Two English general practitioner (GP) surgeries.

Acceptability and psychological impact of out-of-office monitoring to diagnose hypertension: an evaluation of survey data from primary care patients.

Background: Out-of-office blood pressure (BP) is recommended for diagnosing hypertension in primary care due to its increased accuracy compared to office BP. Moreover, being diagnosed as hypertensive has previously been linked to lower wellbeing. There is limited evidence regarding the acceptability of out-of-office BP and its impact on wellbeing.

Patient experience of home and waiting room blood pressure measurement: a qualitative study of patients with recently diagnosed hypertension.

Background: Out-of-office blood pressure (BP) measurement is advocated to confirm hypertension diagnosis. However, little is known about how primary care patients view and use such measurement.

Aim: To investigate patient experience of out-of-office BP monitoring, particularly home and practice waiting room BP measurement, before, during, and after diagnosis.

Direct access cancer testing in primary care: a systematic review of use and clinical outcomes.

Background: Direct access (DA) testing allows GPs to refer patients for investigation without consulting a specialist. The aim is to reduce waiting time for investigations and unnecessary appointments, enabling treatment to begin without delay.

Aim: To establish the proportion of patients diagnosed with cancer and other diseases through DA testing, time to diagnosis, and suitability of DA investigations.

General practitioner referrals to one-stop clinics for symptoms that could be indicative of cancer: a systematic review of use and clinical outcomes.

Background: One-stop clinics provide comprehensive diagnostic testing in one outpatient appointment. They could benefit patients with conditions, such as cancer, whose outcomes are improved by early diagnosis, and bring efficiency savings for health systems.

Objective: To assess the use and outcomes of one-stop clinics for symptoms where cancer is a possible diagnosis.

Medications that reduce emergency hospital admissions: an overview of systematic reviews and prioritisation of treatments.

Background: Rates of emergency hospitalisations are increasing in many countries, leading to disruption in the quality of care and increases in cost. Therefore, identifying strategies to reduce emergency admission rates is a key priority. There have been large-scale evidence reviews to address this issue; however, there have been no reviews of medication therapies, which have the potential to reduce the use of emergency health-care services.

Patient use of blood pressure self-screening facilities in general practice waiting rooms: a qualitative study in the UK.

Background: Blood pressure (BP) self-screening, whereby members of the public have access to BP monitoring equipment outside of healthcare consultations, may increase the detection and treatment of hypertension. Currently in the UK such opportunities are largely confined to GP waiting rooms.

Aim: To investigate the reasons why people do or do not use BP self-screening facilities.

Global cardiovascular risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: systematic review of systematic reviews.

Objective: To identify, critically appraise and summarise existing systematic reviews on the impact of global cardiovascular risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults.

Design: Systematic review of systematic reviews published between January 2005 and October 2016 in The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE or CINAHL databases, and post hoc analysis of primary trials.

Participants, Interventions, Outcomes: Systematic reviews of interventions involving global cardiovascular risk assessment relative to no formal risk assessment in adults with no history of CVD.

Impact of self-funding on patient experience of oral anticoagulation self-monitoring: a qualitative study.

Objective: To explore the impact self-funding has on patient experience of oral anticoagulation therapy self-monitoring.

Design: Semistructured, qualitative interviews were conducted. Transcripts were analysed thematically using constant comparison.

Patients' and clinicians' views on the optimum schedules for self-monitoring of blood pressure: a qualitative focus group and interview study.

Background: Self-monitoring of blood pressure is common but guidance on how it should be carried out varies and it is currently unclear how such guidance is viewed.

Aim: To explore patients' and healthcare professionals' (HCPs) views and experiences of the use of different self-monitoring regimens to determine what is acceptable and feasible, and to inform future recommendations.

Design And Setting: Thirteen focus groups and four HCP interviews were held, with a total of 66 participants (41 patients and 25 HCPs) from primary and secondary care with and without experience of self-monitoring.

Cohort study of Anticoagulation Self-Monitoring (CASM): a prospective study of its effectiveness in the community.

Background: Trials show that oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) substantially reduces thromboembolic events without an increase in major haemorrhagic events, but it is not known whether these results translate into routine practice.

Aim: To estimate the current levels of control and adverse events in patients self-monitoring OAT, explore the factors that predict success, and determine whether the level of side effects reported from randomised controlled trials are translated to a non-selected population.

Design And Setting: Prospective cohort study in the UK.

Supporting patients to self-monitor their oral anticoagulation therapy: recommendations based on a qualitative study of patients' experiences.

Background: Clinical trials suggest that oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) self-monitoring is safe and effective, however little is known about the patient experience of this process. There is a lack of understanding about how best to train and support patients embarking on OAT self-monitoring.

Aim: To collect in-depth information about patients' experiences of OAT self-monitoring outside of clinical trial conditions and to produce a set of recommendations on how best to support such patients.