Insulin oxidation and oxidative modifications alter glucose uptake, cell metabolism, and inflammatory secretion profiles.

Insulin participates in glucose homeostasis in the body and regulates glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism. Chronic hyperglycemia triggers oxidative stress and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidized insulin variants. Oxidative protein modifications can cause functional changes or altered immunogenicity as known from the context of autoimmune disorders.

Reactive Species Risk Assessment Using Optimized HET-CAM Safety Evaluation of Feed Gas-Modified Gas Plasma Technology and Anticancer Drugs.

Clinical therapies, including dermatology and oncology, require safe application. In vitro experiments allow only limited conclusions about in vivo effects, while animal studies in, e.g.