Association between emergency department attendances, sociodemographic factors and long-term health conditions in the population of Norfolk and Waveney, England: Cross sectional study.

Introduction: Demand for urgent and emergency health care in England has grown over the last decade, for reasons that are not clear. Changes in population demographics may be a cause. This study investigated associations between individuals' characteristics (including socioeconomic deprivation and long term health conditions (LTC)) and the frequency of emergency department (ED) attendances, in the Norfolk and Waveney subregion of the East of England.

Digital screen use for a road safety campaign message was not associated with road safety awareness of passers-by: A quasi-experimental study.

Introduction: Recent evidence suggests fatality risks for cyclists may be increasing in Britain. Understanding how to increase levels of cycling while keeping risk low is paramount. Educating drivers about cyclists may help with road safety, and mass-media messaging is a possible avenue, potentially utilizing digital displays screens in public areas.

Residential neighbourhood greenspace is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease: A prospective cohort study.

Background: Living in a greener neighbourhood may reduce the risk of developing incident cardiovascular disease, but evidence is limited by reliance on cross-sectional comparisons. We use data from a longitudinal study with a time-independent measure of risk to explore the association between exposure to greenspace and cardiovascular disease.

Methods: Data was from the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer Norfolk UK cohort, baseline 1993-1997 (n = 24,420).

Changes in health in the countries of the UK and 150 English Local Authority areas 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Background: Previous studies have reported national and regional Global Burden of Disease (GBD) estimates for the UK. Because of substantial variation in health within the UK, action to improve it requires comparable estimates of disease burden and risks at country and local levels. The slowdown in the rate of improvement in life expectancy requires further investigation.

The association between air pollution and type 2 diabetes in a large cross-sectional study in Leicester: The CHAMPIONS Study.

Background: Observational evidence suggests there is an association between air pollution and type 2 diabetes; however, there is high risk of bias.

Objective: To investigate the association between air pollution and type 2 diabetes, while reducing bias due to exposure assessment, outcome assessment, and confounder assessment.

Methods: Data were collected from 10,443 participants in three diabetes screening studies in Leicestershire, UK.

Neighbourhood greenspace is associated with a slower decline in physical activity in older adults: A prospective cohort study.

Maintaining physical activity in later life is important for maintaining health and function. Activity outdoors, such as walking, jogging and cycling, may provide an accessible, sociable and practical solution, but maintaining outdoor mobility may be a challenge in later life. Providing green environments which are supportive of physical activity may facilitate this, yet research into how greenspace could be best used is inconclusive.

Residential neighbourhood greenspace is associated with reduced risk of incident diabetes in older people: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Three cross sectional studies suggest that neighbourhood greenspace may protect against incident diabetes. This study uses data from a longitudinal study with a large sample size to investigate the association between greenspace and the occurrence of incident diabetes over time.

Methods: Data was from the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer Norfolk, UK, cohort, recruitment 1993-2007 (N = 23,865).

Are GIS-modelled routes a useful proxy for the actual routes followed by commuters?

Active commuting offers the potential to increase physical activity among adults by being built into daily routines. Characteristics of the route to work may influence propensity to walk or cycle. Geographic information system (GIS) software is often used to explore this by modelling routes between home and work.

The association between neighbourhood greenspace and type 2 diabetes in a large cross-sectional study.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between neighbourhood greenspace and type 2 diabetes.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: 3 diabetes screening studies conducted in Leicestershire, UK in 2004-2011.

Patterns and predictors of changes in active commuting over 12 months.

Objective: To assess the predictors of uptake and maintenance of walking and cycling, and of switching to the car as the usual mode of travel, for commuting.

Methods: 655 commuters in Cambridge, UK reported all commuting trips using a seven-day recall instrument in 2009 and 2010. Individual and household characteristics, psychological measures relating to car use and environmental conditions on the route to work were self-reported in 2009.

Neighbourhood, Route and Workplace-Related Environmental Characteristics Predict Adults' Mode of Travel to Work.

Objective: Commuting provides opportunities for regular physical activity which can reduce the risk of chronic disease. Commuters' mode of travel may be shaped by their environment, but understanding of which specific environmental characteristics are most important and might form targets for intervention is limited. This study investigated associations between mode choice and a range of objectively assessed environmental characteristics.

Using spatial equity analysis in the process evaluation of environmental interventions to tackle obesity: the healthy towns programme in England.

Introduction: Process evaluations of environmental public health interventions tend not to consider issues of spatial equity in programme delivery. However, an intervention is unlikely to be effective if it is not accessible to those in need. Methods are required to enable these considerations to be integrated into evaluations.