The use of individualized 3D-printed models on trainee and patient education, and surgical planning for robotic partial nephrectomies.

3D printing is a growing tool in surgical education to visualize and teach complex procedures. Previous studies demonstrating the usefulness of 3D models as teaching tools for partial nephrectomy used highly detailed models costing between $250 and 1000. We aimed to create thorough, inexpensive 3D models to accelerate learning for trainees and increase health literacy in patients.