Video capsule endoscopy findings in dogs with chronic enteropathy and in healthy dogs.

Background: Video capsule endoscopy is a noninvasive technique for evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract.

Objective: To investigate the safety of using the video capsule ALICAM in dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE) >10 kg, and to compare macroscopic gastrointestinal morphology between CE dogs and healthy controls (HC).

Animals: Fifteen CE dogs and 15 similarly breed, age and body weight matched HC.

Effects of fixation and demineralization on histomorphology and DNA amplification of canine bone marrow.

Fixation and demineralization protocols for bone marrow (BM) across diagnostic laboratories are not standardized. How different protocols affect histomorphology and DNA amplification is incompletely understood. In this study, 2 fixatives and 3 demineralization methods were tested on canine BM samples.

Determination of the reference interval for urine kidney injury molecule-1 in 50 healthy cats.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to establish a reference interval (RI) for urine kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in healthy cats.

Methods: History, physical examination, blood pressure, and feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus serology status were determined. A complete blood cell count, serum biochemical profile, urinalysis and kidney ultrasound were performed, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, total thyroxine (TT4) and urine KIM-1 were measured.

Effect of up to 30-days of storage at different temperatures on detection of feline kidney injury molecule-1 in urine.

Background: In humans, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a biomarker of acute kidney injury that can be quantified in urine. Preliminary investigation in cats with experimentally induced acute kidney injury showed that KIM-1 urine concentration correlated with kidney injury histopathology scores. A lateral flow assay (LFA) has recently become available for patient-side feline KIM-1 measurement.

Feasibility, complications, and quality of visualization using video capsule endoscopy in 40 dogs with overt or questionable gastrointestinal bleeding.

Background: Prospective studies describing video capsule endoscopy (VCE), its feasibility, and complications in dogs are limited.

Objective: To assess VCE, quality of visualization, complications, and risk factors for incomplete studies in dogs with overt or questionable gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB).

Animals: Forty dogs with overt or questionable GIB.

Diagnostic evaluation of urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio in dogs with gastrointestinal bleeding.

Background: Urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio (UCR) is a marker for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in people.

Objectives: To assess the usefulness of UCR to predict occult GIB and distinguish upper from lower GIB in dogs.

Animals: Eighty-nine dogs with GIB and 65 clinically healthy dogs.

Case-Based e-Learning Experiences of Second-Year Veterinary Students in a Clinical Medicine Course at the Ontario Veterinary College.

Exposure to real-life clinical cases has been regarded as the optimal method of achieving deep learning in medical education. Case-based e-learning (CBEL) has been considered a promising alterative to address challenges in the availability of teaching cases and standardizing case exposure. While the use of CBEL has been positive in veterinary medical education, insight into students' learning experience with a CBEL tool have not been considered.

Bronchoalveolar lavage hemosiderosis in dogs and cats with respiratory disease.

Background: Hemosiderophages can be found in bronchoalveolar lavage samples and have been reported in association with a wide range of respiratory and cardiovascular disorders in cats and humans.

Objectives: This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the presence of hemosiderin in canine and feline bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. It also aimed to examine the association of BAL hemosiderin with signalment, clinical signs, and historical disease prior to BAL, with prior transthoracic fine-needle aspiration (FNA), with bronchoalveolar lavage duration, and with cytologic interpretation.

Comparison of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy cats.

OBJECTIVE To compare bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) accomplished by use of a bronchoscopic (B-BAL) and a nonbronchoscopic (NB-BAL) technique in healthy cats. ANIMALS 12 healthy cats. PROCEDURES Two BALs were performed in a randomized order 2 weeks apart in each cat.

Risk factors and prognostic indicators for surgical outcome of dogs with esophageal foreign body obstructions.

OBJECTIVE To determine risk factors for surgical intervention, complications, and outcome in dogs with an esophageal foreign body (EFB). DESIGN Retrospective observational study. ANIMALS 224 incidents of EFB in 223 dogs evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital from 1995 through 2014.

Passive ureteral dilation and ureteroscopy after ureteral stent placement in five healthy Beagles.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether passive ureteral dilation (PUD) would occur after an indwelling ureteral stent was left in place in healthy dogs for 2 or 6 weeks, ureteroscopy would be possible at the time of stent removal, and PUD would be reversible after stent removal. ANIMALS 5 healthy adult female Beagles. PROCEDURES A ureteral stent was cystoscopically placed in each ureter of each dog with fluoroscopic guidance (week 0).

Management of dogs and cats with endotracheal tube tracheal foreign bodies.

Two cats and 3 dogs were treated for an endotracheal tube tracheal foreign body (ETFB) during recovery from general anesthesia. Bronchoscopy was used to remove the ETFB. Animals were clinically normal at discharge.

Comparison of feline core bone marrow biopsies from different sites using 2 techniques and needles.

Background: Commonly used 11ga or 13ga biopsy needles are relatively large for cats and often preclude successful collection of bone marrow (BM) core biopsies.

Objectives: The objective was to compare 15ga to 13ga BM core biopsy ease of collection and specimen quality.

Methods: In 10 cats, humeral biopsies obtained with 15ga EZ-IO needles were compared with iliac biopsies obtained with 13ga Jamshidi needles.

The use of medetomidine-based sedation protocols to perform urohydropropulsion and cystoscopy in the dog.

Voiding urohydropropulsion and cystoscopy are routine procedures performed in the dog for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. These procedures are typically performed under general anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of medetomidine-based sedation protocols to perform voiding urohydropropulsion and cystoscopy in cardiovascularly healthy, non-diabetic dogs without evidence of urinary obstruction, renal disease, or hepatic disease.

Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained by manual aspiration with a handheld syringe with that obtained by automated suction pump aspiration from healthy dogs.

Objective: To compare bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained by manual aspiration (MA) with a handheld syringe with that obtained by suction pump aspiration (SPA) in healthy dogs.

Animals: 13 adult Beagles.

Procedures: Each dog was anesthetized and bronchoscopic BAL was performed.

Combined use of intravesicular ureteroneocystostomy techniques to correct ureteral ectopia in a male cat.

A 2 yr old castrated male Himalayan presented for evaluation and treatment of persistent urinary incontinence that had been present since birth. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the urinary tract revealed suspected bilateral, extramural, ureteral ectopia that was confirmed at the time of surgical exploration. Marked left hydroureter and a normal right ureter were found entering the urethra ∼ 2 cm caudal to the bladder neck.

Comparison of sternal, iliac, and humeral bone marrow aspiration in Beagle dogs.

Background: Sternal bone marrow aspiration in dogs is not commonly performed as it is considered technically challenging in smaller dogs. However, the sternum is readily accessible and associated with less pain from aspiration compared with other sites.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate feasibility, ease, number of attempts, safety, and sample quality of sternal bone marrow aspirates in small dogs.

New alternatives for minimally invasive management of uroliths: lower urinary tract uroliths.

In small animals, removal is indicated for lower urinary tract calculi that are not amenable to medical dissolution and are causing, or may cause, urinary tract obstruction, inflammation, or recurrent infection. Surgical removal of lower urinary tract uroliths by cystotomy or urethrotomy has been the traditional method. The current standard of care for human urinary tract stones involves the use of lithotripsy and is minimally invasive.

Comparison between manual aspiration via polyethylene tubing and aspiration via a suction pump with a suction trap connection for performing bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy dogs.

Objective: To compare the diagnostic quality of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid acquired from healthy dogs by manual aspiration via polyethylene tubing (MAPT) and via suction pump aspiration (SPA) with a suction trap connection.

Animals: 12 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedures: BAL was performed with bronchoscopic guidance in anesthetized dogs.

Congenital duplex gallbladder and biliary mucocele associated with partial hepatic cholestasis and cholelithiasis in a cat.

A 6-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was presented for acute onset of vomiting. Exploratory laparotomy identified a duplex gallbladder and left cholecystectomy was performed. Histopathology confirmed biliary mucocele and hepatic cholestasis.

Comparison of canine core bone marrow biopsies from multiple sites using different techniques and needles.

Background: Commonly used 11 or 13ga needles are relatively large for collection of bone marrow (BM) biopsies from small dogs.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess ease of BM collection and quality of specimens obtained from small dogs using 13 and 15ga needles and to determine if specimen encasement would improve quality.

Methods: Humeral and iliac biopsies obtained from 17 Beagle dogs with a 15ga needle and a power driver were compared with humeral biopsies obtained with a 13ga Jamshidi needle.

New alternatives for minimally invasive management of uroliths: ureteroliths.

Ureterolithiasis is a serious clinical problem in small animal veterinary medicine, and management can be challenging and frustrating. Various traditional surgical treatment options exist but are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In humans, minimally invasive treatment options have overtaken traditional surgical removal.

New alternatives for minimally invasive management of uroliths: nephroliths.

Urolithiasis is a common clinical problem in small animal veterinary patients. Management of upper urinary tract calculi can be particularly challenging in small animals, as traditional surgical removal can be associated with significant morbidity. In humans, minimally invasive treatment options have replaced traditional surgical removal in many cases.

Esophageal stricture in a cougar (Puma concolor).

A 7-mo-old female cougar (Puma concolor) was presented with a 2-wk history of anorexia and a 1-wk history of regurgitation. Barium contrast esophagogram and gastroesophagoscopy revealed the presence of a segmental intraluminal esophageal stricture in the middle third of the esophagus. The stricture was potentially secondary to a previous anesthetic episode.