Improved Survival of Advanced-Stage Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer With Systemic Therapy.

Objectives: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the most aggressive and fatal thyroid malignancy. Currently, there still exists a paucity of literature studying the relationship between available ATC-targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and survival. We aim to investigate how systemic therapies affect survival outcomes in ATC.

Association of Intraoperative Frozen Section Controls With Improved Margin Assessment During Transoral Robotic Surgery for Human Papillomavirus-Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Importance: Intraoperative margin assessment is an important technique for ensuring complete tumor resection in malignant cancers. However, in patients undergoing transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for oropharyngeal carcinomas, tissue artifact may provide pathologic uncertainty.

Objective: To assess the benefit of providing frozen section control samples ("positive tumor biopsies") for use during intraoperative margin assessment for patients undergoing TORS for human papillomavirus (HPV)-16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC).

Anaplastic Transformation of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma.

Objectives: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare but highly aggressive form of thyroid cancer. Increasingly, patients with ATC present with concurrent foci of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC); however, the significance of these pathologic findings remains unclear. The objective of this study is to determine whether the presence of WDTC within anaplastic tumors is a prognosticator of survival.

Secondary syphilis of the oropharynx and cervical lymph nodes: a case report.

Secondary syphilis rarely affects the head and neck including the oropharynx and cervical lymph nodes. These patients present with throat pain, cystic/necrotic lymphadenopathy, and mucosal swelling. Sometimes this constellation of symptoms can be mistaken for head and neck cancer.

External Validation of Deep Learning Algorithms for Radiologic Diagnosis: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: To assess generalizability of published deep learning (DL) algorithms for radiologic diagnosis.

Materials And Methods: In this systematic review, the PubMed database was searched for peer-reviewed studies of DL algorithms for image-based radiologic diagnosis that included external validation, published from January 1, 2015, through April 1, 2021. Studies using nonimaging features or incorporating non-DL methods for feature extraction or classification were excluded.

Predictors of Death, Survival, Need for Intubation, and Need for Oxygen Support Among Admitted COVID-19 Patients of the Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System.

Introduction: While risk factors for severe COVID-19 infections have been well explored among the public, population-specific studies for the U.S. Veteran community are limited in the literature.

Management of post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.

Purpose Of Review: Olfactory dysfunction is a frequent complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review presents the current literature regarding the management of post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction (PCOD).

Recent Findings: A systematic review of the literature using the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for the following keywords, "Covid-19," "SARS-CoV-2," "anosmia," "olfactory," "treatment," and "management" was performed.

Your mileage may vary: impact of data input method for a deep learning bone age app's predictions.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate agreement in predictions made by a bone age prediction application ("app") among three data input methods.

Methods: The 16Bit Bone Age app is a browser-based deep learning application for predicting bone age on pediatric hand radiographs; recommended data input methods are direct image file upload or smartphone-capture of image. We collected 50 hand radiographs, split equally among 5 bone age groups.

Systemic light-chain amyloidosis incidentally diagnosed after subtotal parathyroidectomy and thyroid lobectomy.

A 74-year-old woman with a history of primary hyperparathyroidism, thyroid nodules, atrial fibrillation and pacemaker placement for sick sinus syndrome presented with fatigue, constipation and persistent lower extremity oedema. She underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy and left thyroid lobectomy. Histopathology revealed amyloidosis affecting the thyroidand parathyroids confirmed by Congo Red Staining with Mayo Clinic subtyping of light chain kappa-type amyloidosis.

One Algorithm May Not Fit All: How Selection Bias Affects Machine Learning Performance.

Machine learning (ML) algorithms have demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy in identifying and categorizing disease on radiologic images. Despite the results of initial research studies that report ML algorithm diagnostic accuracy similar to or exceeding that of radiologists, the results are less impressive when the algorithms are installed at new hospitals and are presented with new images. This phenomenon is potentially the result of selection bias in the data that were used to develop the ML algorithm.

Can AI outperform a junior resident? Comparison of deep neural network to first-year radiology residents for identification of pneumothorax.

Purpose: To (1) develop a deep learning system (DLS) using a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) for identification of pneumothorax, (2) compare its performance to first-year radiology residents, and (3) evaluate the ability of a DLS to augment radiology residents by detecting missed pneumothoraces.

Methods: This was a retrospective study performed in September 2018. We obtained 112,120 chest radiographs (CXRs) from the NIH ChestXray14 database, of which 4360 cases (4%) were labeled as pneumothorax by natural language processing.

Histone deacetylase inhibition is synthetically lethal with arginine deprivation in pancreatic cancers with low argininosuccinate synthetase 1 expression.

Arginine (Arg) deprivation is a promising therapeutic approach for tumors with low argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) expression. However, its efficacy as a single agent therapy needs to be improved as resistance is frequently observed. A tissue microarray was performed to assess ASS1 expression in surgical specimens of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and its correlation with disease prognosis.

Deep-Learning-Based Semantic Labeling for 2D Mammography and Comparison of Complexity for Machine Learning Tasks.

Machine learning has several potential uses in medical imaging for semantic labeling of images to improve radiologist workflow and to triage studies for review. The purpose of this study was to (1) develop deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) for automated classification of 2D mammography views, determination of breast laterality, and assessment and of breast tissue density; and (2) compare the performance of DCNNs on these tasks of varying complexity to each other. We obtained 3034 2D-mammographic images from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography, annotated with mammographic view, image laterality, and breast tissue density.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome in diverse populations.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is the most common epigenetic overgrowth disorder and presents with patients affected by a variety of clinical features. Although genotype-phenotype correlations have been demonstrated in BWS and although BWS has been reported to occur equally among racial and ethnic backgrounds, no study to date has evaluated the frequency of findings in different backgrounds. In this study, we evaluated the incidence of clinical features and molecular diagnoses among patients with BWS in Caucasian, Mixed, and non-Caucasian groups.

Three-Dimensional Printing Facilitates Successful Endovascular Closure of a Type II Abernethy Malformation Using an Amplatzer Atrial Septal Occluder Device.

Type II Abernethy malformations, characterized by side-to-side portosystemic shunting with preserved intrahepatic portal venous system, have been treated with shunt closure surgically and endovascularly. Three-dimensional printing has been used to develop highly accurate patient-specific representations for surgical and endovascular planning and intervention. This innovation describes 3-dimensional printing to successfully close a flush-oriented type II Abernethy malformation with discrepant dimensions on computed tomography, conventional venography, and intravascular ultrasound, using a 12-mm Amplatzer atrial septal occluder device.

Development of a Combined MR Fingerprinting and Diffusion Examination for Prostate Cancer.

Purpose To develop and evaluate an examination consisting of magnetic resonance (MR) fingerprinting-based T1, T2, and standard apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping for multiparametric characterization of prostate disease. Materials and Methods This institutional review board-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study of prospectively collected data included 140 patients suspected of having prostate cancer. T1 and T2 mapping was performed with fast imaging with steady-state precession-based MR fingerprinting with ADC mapping.

Visualizing allele-specific expression in single cells reveals epigenetic mosaicism in an H19 loss-of-imprinting mutant.

Imprinting is a classic mammalian epigenetic phenomenon that results in expression from a single parental allele. Imprinting defects can lead to inappropriate expression from the normally silenced allele, but it remains unclear whether every cell in a mutant organism follows the population average, which would have profound implications for human imprinting disorders. Here, we apply a new fluorescence in situ hybridization method that measures allele-specific expression in single cells to address this question in mutants exhibiting aberrant H19/Igf2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) imprinting.