Extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal cancer in conjunction with microbiota: On the border of Kingdoms.

Extracellular vesicle (EV) production is a universal feature of metazoan cells as well as prokaryotes (bMVs - bacterial microvesicles). They are small vesicles with phospholipid membrane carrying proteins, DNA and different classes of RNAs and are heavily involved in intercellular communication acting as vectors of information to target cells. For the last decade, the interest in EV research has exponentially increased though thorough studies of their roles in various pathologies that was not previously possible due to technical limitations.

The effects of antiviral treatment on breast cancer cell line.

Background: Recent studies have revealed the positive antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of antiviral agents in cancer treatment. The real effect of adjuvant antiviral therapy is still controversial due to the lack of studies in biochemical mechanisms. Here, we studied the effect of the antiviral agent acyclovir on morphometric and migratory features of the MCF7 breast cancer cell line.

Disruption of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL by viral proteins as a possible cause of cancer.

The Bcl proteins play a critical role in apoptosis, as mutations in family members interfere with normal programmed cell death. Such events can cause cell transformation, potentially leading to cancer. Recent discoveries indicate that some viral proteins interfere with Bcl proteins either directly or indirectly; however, these data have not been systematically described.

Weight change therapy as a potential treatment for end-stage ovarian carcinoma.

Patient: Female, 41 FINAL DIAGNOSIS: Ovarian carcinoma Symptoms: Ascites • hepatomegaly • weight loss

Medication: - Clinical Procedure: - Specialty: Oncology.

Objective: Unusual or unexpected effect of treatment.

Background: The aim of this case report is to present the results of treatment of end-stage ovarian carcinoma in a 41-year-old women using weight loss therapy.

Implication of human herpesviruses in oncogenesis through immune evasion and supression.

All human herpesviruses (HHVs) have been implicated in immune system evasion and suppression. Moreover, two HHV family members, i.e.

Childhood cancers: what is a possible role of infectious agents?

The etiology of childhood cancers has been studied for more than 40 years. However, most if not all cancers occurring in children are attributed to unknown causes. This review is focused on the role of infections in cancer development and progression in children.

Role of viruses in the development of breast cancer.

The most common cancer worldwide among women is breast cancer. The initiation, promotion, and progression of this cancer result from both internal and external factors. The International Agency for Research on Cancer stated that 18-20% of cancers are linked to infection, and the list of definite, probable, and possible carcinogenic agents is growing each year.

Role of infectious agents in the carcinogenesis of brain and head and neck cancers.

This review concentrates on tumours that are anatomically localised in head and neck regions. Brain cancers and head and neck cancers together account for more than 873,000 cases annually worldwide, with an increasing incidence each year. With poor survival rates at late stages, brain and head and neck cancers represent serious conditions.

The role of infectious agents in urogenital cancers.

Since the late 1990s, infectious agents have been thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of approximately 15% of cancers. It is now widely accepted that infection of stomach tissue with the bacteria Helicobacter pylori is an important cause of stomach adenocarcinoma. In addition, oncogenic viruses, such as papilloma viruses, herpes viruses, and hepadnaviruses are strongly associated with increased risk of cervical cancer, lymphomas, liver cancer, amongst others.

Using antimicrobial adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment: a review.

Recent clinical and pre-clinical data demonstrate that adjuvant antimicrobial therapy is beneficial in cancer treatment. There could be several reasons for this effect, which include treating cancer associated bacteria and viruses, prophylaxis of post-chemotherapy infections due to immunosuppression, and antiproliferative effect of certain antimicrobials. Targeting cancer associated viruses and bacteria with antimicrobial agents is currently used for gastric, cervical, hematopoietic, liver and brain cancer.

Pathogen-driven gastrointestinal cancers: Time for a change in treatment paradigm?

The regulation of cancerous tumor development is converged upon by multiple pathways and factors. Besides environmental factors, gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancer can be caused by chronic inflammation, which is generally induced by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The role of these inducers in cancer development, cell differentiation and transformation, cell cycle deregulation, and in the expression of tumor-associated genes cannot be ignored.

Significantly reduced CCR5-tropic HIV-1 replication in vitro in cells from subjects previously immunized with Vaccinia Virus.

Background: At present, the relatively sudden appearance and explosive spread of HIV throughout Africa and around the world beginning in the 1950s has never been adequately explained. Theorizing that this phenomenon may be somehow related to the eradication of smallpox followed by the cessation of vaccinia immunization, we undertook a comparison of HIV-1 susceptibility in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects immunized with the vaccinia virus to those from vaccinia naive donors.

Results: Vaccinia immunization in the preceding 3-6 months resulted in an up to 5-fold reduction in CCR5-tropic but not in CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 replication in the cells from vaccinated subjects.

Induction of autophagy by anthrax lethal toxin.

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved intracellular process whereby cells break down long-lived proteins and organelles. Accumulating evidences suggest increasing physiological significance of autophagy in pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Anthrax lethal toxin (LT) exerts its influence on numerous cells and herein, we report a novel effect of LT-induced autophagy on mammalian cells.

[Fifth revolution in medicine: on the role of infections in pathogenesis of aging and chronic diseases].

The XXth century is marked by the substantial increase in human life expectancy. Historically, main reasons for that are four achievements of medicine: (1) improvements in common hygiene, such as waste disposal and water purification which led to the significant reduction of communicable diseases; (2) common recognition of Pasteur's Germ Theory followed by improvements in occupational and personal hygiene as well as introduction of antiseptic and aseptic measures; (3) decrease in childhood mortality due to the discovery and widespread application of vaccination; and (4) the discovery and clinical application of antibiotics. An epidemiological transition took place, i.

[Age-related aspects of intestinal microflora and the intestinal immune system].

The importance of influence of microorganisms on human health has been recognized for years. Vast amount of data has been collected regarding interaction of intestinal microflora and elements of gut immune system. Novel technologies are offering new insights into bi-directional host-flora exchange along mucosal surfaces, one of the largest interfaces of human organism.

[Viral cancerogenesis: current point of view].

More than one century passed since the viral cancerogenesis theory was declared. Enormous massive of new data on the role of viruses and viral constructions in cancer initiation and progression has been accumulated with the development of new diagnostic methods and biotechnology. The aim of this review was the analysis of current literature data on the impact of viruses in the development of malignancies.

[Infection as a risk factor in the atherosclerosis development: current concepts and treatment opportunities].

Recent publications on the ethiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis were analyzed. Certain infections, such as Ch. pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus, are nowadays considered to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis development in future, and coincidence of multiple infections, "infectious burden", aggravates the disease prognosis.

[Role of microorganisms in etiology and pathogenesis of aging].

This review demonstrates the theory of presumably main role of microorganisms as a trigger of well-known mechanisms of ageing. It is shown that latent and chronic infections may initiate and support processes of senescence, stimulating signs of ageing and age-related diseases.

Beta-cyclodextrin derivatives that inhibit anthrax lethal toxin.

Recently, we demonstrated that simultaneous blocking of bacterial growth by antibiotics and inhibition of anthrax toxin action with antibodies against protective antigen were beneficial for the treatment of anthrax. The present study examined the hypothesis that blocking the pore formed by protective antigen can inhibit the action of anthrax toxin. The potential inhibitors were chosen by a structure-based design using beta-cyclodextrin as the starting molecule.

Efficient synthetic inhibitors of anthrax lethal factor.

Inhalation anthrax is a deadly disease for which there is currently no effective treatment. Bacillus anthracis lethal factor (LF) metalloproteinase is an integral component of the tripartite anthrax lethal toxin that is essential for the onset and progression of anthrax. We report here on a fragment-based approach that allowed us to develop inhibitors of LF.

Effective antiprotease-antibiotic treatment of experimental anthrax.

Background: Inhalation anthrax is characterized by a systemic spread of the challenge agent, Bacillus anthracis. It causes severe damage, including multiple hemorrhagic lesions, to host tissues and organs. It is widely believed that anthrax lethal toxin secreted by proliferating bacteria is a major cause of death, however, the pathology of intoxication in experimental animals is drastically different from that found during the infectious process.