Ketogenic diet induces p53-dependent cellular senescence in multiple organs.

A ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that leads to the generation of ketones. While KDs improve certain health conditions and are popular for weight loss, detrimental effects have also been reported. Here, we show mice on two different KDs and, at different ages, induce cellular senescence in multiple organs, including the heart and kidney.

Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Expression Rates in Invasive Breast Carcinoma: A Study of 21 Institutions.

Context.—: Laboratories performing predictive marker testing for breast carcinoma are encouraged to compare patient results to published benchmarks.

Objective.

Indolent T-lymphoblastic proliferation involving hepatocellular carcinoma-presentation in novel settings and comprehensive review of literature.

Indolent T-lymphoblastic proliferation (iT-LBP) is a rare, non-clonal, extrathymic lymphoid proliferation with an immature T cell phenotype, indolent clinical course, and excellent prognosis. Although their pathogenesis is unclear, they are reported to be associated with Castleman disease, follicular dendritic cell tumors/sarcomas, angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), myasthenia gravis, and acinic cell carcinoma. There are around 51 reported cases of iT-LBP in the literature.

mTOR inhibition abrogates human mammary stem cells and early breast cancer progression markers.

Background: Mammary physiology is distinguished in containing adult stem/progenitor cells that are actively amending the breast tissue throughout the reproductive lifespan of women. Despite their importance in both mammary gland development, physiological maintenance, and reproduction, the exact role of mammary stem/progenitor cells in mammary tumorigenesis has not been fully elucidated in humans or animal models. The implications of modulating adult stem/progenitor cells in women could lead to a better understanding of not only their function, but also toward possible breast cancer prevention led us to evaluate the efficacy of rapamycin in reducing mammary stem/progenitor cell activity and malignant progression markers.

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-D Fusion-Positive Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: Case Report of an Atypical Breast Mass and Literature Review.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare, CD34+ mesenchymal neoplasm that classically involves the dermis. A t(17;22) translocation is present in 91.4% to 96% of cases, resulting in aberrant proliferation due to tyrosine kinase hyperactivity.

Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: Classification, Pathologic Features, Imaging Findings, and Management.

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) demonstrate a wide variety of histopathologic, genetic, pathogenetic, and immunocytochemical characteristics and various clinical-biologic profiles and prognoses. Most TGCTs arise from an intratubular precursor cell referred to as germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), which is an embryonic germ cell with the potential to differentiate into a plethora of embryonic and extraembryonic lineages. Advances in pathologic examination and genetics paved the way for the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification system, which recognizes two pathogenetically distinct groups of TGCTs.

Detection of Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii in Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sanger Sequencing on Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues.

Context.—: Associations between granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) and Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii have been reported since 2002, but large-scale studies to assess the actual prevalence of this bacterium in GLM have not been performed.

Objective.

Pancreas in Hereditary Syndromes: Cross-sectional Imaging Spectrum.

A wide spectrum of hereditary syndromes predispose patients to distinct pancreatic abnormalities, including cystic lesions, recurrent pancreatitis, ductal adenocarcinoma, nonductal neoplasms, and parenchymal iron deposition. While pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and recurrent pancreatitis are common manifestations in cystic fibrosis and hereditary pancreatitis, pancreatic cysts are seen in von Hippel-Lindau disease, cystic fibrosis, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and McCune-Albright syndrome. Ductal adenocarcinoma can be seen in many syndromes, including Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome, Lynch syndrome, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and familial pancreatic cancer syndrome.

Accuracy of Intraoperative Frozen Section in Detection of Acute Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis.

Context.—: Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS) is an aggressive form of fungal sinusitis, which remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and intervention are keys to improving patient outcomes.

Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: 2020 Update on Pathologic and Imaging Findings and Classification.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (panNENs) are heterogeneous neoplasms with neuroendocrine differentiation that show characteristic clinical, histomorphologic, and prognostic features; genetic alterations; and biologic behavior. Up to 10% of panNENs develop in patients with syndromes that predispose them to cancer, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis complex, neurofibromatosis type 1, and glucagon cell adenomatosis. PanNENs are classified as either functioning tumors, which manifest early because of clinical symptoms related to increased hormone production, or nonfunctioning tumors, which often manifest late because of mass effect.

Peripheral Blood Examination Findings in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Objectives: Peripheral blood abnormalities in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have not been fully elucidated. We report qualitative and quantitative peripheral blood findings in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and compare them with a control group.

Methods: We reviewed electronic medical records, complete blood counts, peripheral blood smears, and flow cytometry data in 12 patients with SARS-CoV-2.

Nuclear NADPH oxidase-4 associated with disease progression in renal cell carcinoma.

Nuclear NADPH oxidase-4 (Nox4) is a key component of metabolic reprogramming and is often overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, its prognostic role in RCC remains unclear. Here we examined the significance of nuclear Nox4 on disease progression and development of drug resistance in advanced RCC.

Bilateral Paget's Disease of the Breast in a Patient with CHEK2 Mutation.

We report a case of a 53-year-old woman with a CHEK2 mutation who was found on histology to have bilateral incidental Paget's disease of the breast following bilateral prophylactic mastectomy.

Single-Cell Proteomic Profiling Identifies Combined AXL and JAK1 Inhibition as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Lung Cancer.

Cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) simultaneously measures multiple cellular proteins at the single-cell level and is used to assess intertumor and intratumor heterogeneity. This approach may be used to investigate the variability of individual tumor responses to treatments. Herein, we stratified lung tumor subpopulations based on AXL signaling as a potential targeting strategy.

Everolimus Inhibits the Progression of Ductal Carcinoma to Invasive Breast Cancer Via Downregulation of MMP9 Expression.

Purpose: We evaluated the role of everolimus in the prevention of ductal carcinoma (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) progression.

Experimental Design: The effects of everolimus on breast cancer cell invasion, DCIS formation, and DCIS progression to IDC were investigated in a 3D cell culturing model, intraductal DCIS xenograft model, and spontaneous MMTV-Her2/neu mouse model. The effect of everolimus on matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) expression was determined with Western blotting and IHC in these models and in patients with DCIS before and after a window trial with rapamycin.

Diagnosis of Papillary Breast Lesions on Core Needle Biopsy: Upgrade Rates and Interobserver Variability.

The histologic distinction between papillary breast lesions remains challenging, especially with core biopsy (CB) specimens. A retrospective review of the clinical, imaging, and histologic findings was performed for patients with papillary breast lesions on CB from 2013 to 2017. The interpretation accuracy was expressed as upgrade rate relative to the excision diagnosis.

Incidental Microscopic Granulosa Cell Proliferations: Tumorlet or Non-neoplastic?

Microscopic granulosa cell proliferations are rare incidental findings in ovarian and extraovarian tissue, and can simulate granulosa cell tumors. We report a case of a 22-yr-old nulliparous woman with incidental microscopic granulosa cell proliferation in the wall of an endometriotic cyst. Excision of the cyst revealed extensive endometriosis and incidental microscopic nests and cords of granulosa cells measuring 1.

Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma, Intra-alveolar Variant: A Rare Entity Mimicking Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia.

Exclusive discohesive tumor cells within intra-alveolar spaces is a rare pattern of involvement of primary and metastatic lung tumors. In the absence of a tumoral mass, this pattern closely mimics desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) clinically, radiologically, and histologically. However, a secondary DIP pattern may be seen adjacent to a tumor mass not infrequently.

Incidence and aetiologies of pulmonary granulomatous inflammation: a decade of experience.

Background And Objective: Granulomatous lung disease (GLD) is caused by a wide range of conditions. Often there is a need to correlate pathological findings with clinical, microbiological or radiological data to determine an aetiology. The aim of this study was to determine the different aetiologies of GLD over the past decade.

Cardiac inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: a comprehensive review of the literature.

Although inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) can be found in virtually every major organ, cardiac origin is rare. After recently providing care to a child who presented with a significant myocardial infarction, interest in this rare tumor was piqued. We describe a comprehensive review of cardiac IMT, including information on nomenclature, epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, gross/histological features, immunohistochemical profile, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

Sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma with chondrosarcomatous differentiation of the ureter: a case report.

Background: Sarcomatoid urothelial cell carcinoma of the urinary tract has a poor prognosis. Most of the reported cases of sarcomatoid urothelial cell carcinomas are those from the urinary bladder. A limited number of these tumors originate from the ureter.