Autophagy modulation in breast cancer utilizing nanomaterials and nanoparticles.

Autophagy regenerates cellular nutrients, recycles metabolites, and maintains hemostasis through multistep signaling pathways, in conjunction with lysosomal degradation mechanisms. In tumor cells, autophagy has been shown to play a dual role as both tumor suppressor and tumor promoter, leading to the discovery of new therapeutic strategies for cancer. Therefore, regulation of autophagy is essential during cancer progression.

Osteofibrous Dysplasia in a Cockatiel ().

Osteofibrous dysplasia is a rare and benign nonneoplastic condition of unknown etiology in humans and mammals. An adult female cockatiel () was presented with the following problems: a soft tissue mass on the left frontal area of the head that extended over the left eye, anorexia, lethargy, and emaciation. Computed tomographic imaging and ultrasonography revealed a soft tissue opacity in the left cranial area of the head with multifocal heterogeneous opacities and foci of mineralization.