Accuracy of cystosonography in the diagnosis of vesicourethral reflux in children.

Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is found in 1% of all children and in 30%-50% of those with urinary tract infection. Furthermore, VUR in childhood is the main reason for pyelonephritis, hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Recently, a variety of procedures with low radiation have been recommended for diagnosis of VUR.

Antibody titration and immune response of Iranian beta-thalassemic patients to hepatitis B virus vaccine (booster effect).

Background: Thalassemia is hereditary anemia with lifelong transfusion as treatment and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the transfusion transmitted infections (TTI). HBV vaccination is obligatory for these patients by 3 double-dose injections. The authors studied the HBV status and immune response to vaccination by hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) titration in their thalassemic patients.