Systematic Screening Study for the Selection of Proper Stabilizers to Produce Physically Stable Canagliflozin Nanosuspension by Wet Milling Method.

One of the crucial approaches to managing the low solubility and weak bioavailability of drugs is via nanocrystal technology. Through this technology, drug particles have an increased solubility and a faster dissolution rate due to high surface free energy, which requires an appropriate stabilizer(s) to prevent instabilities during the manufacturing process and storage of the nanosuspension. This study aimed to establish a scientific predictive system for properly selecting stabilizers or to reduce the attempts on a trial-and-error basis in the wet-milling method.

Assessing the correlation between FDG PET findings of IDC breast carcinoma and histopathology of coexisting ductal carcinoma in-situ.

Background: Ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) often coexists with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast. DCIS is considered as a non-obligate precursor of IDC when both coexist. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]FDG PET/CT) imaging is commonly used in the staging and follow-up assessment of breast cancer.

Liver: glucose metabolism and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET findings in normal parenchyma and diseases.

Liver has a complex and unique energy metabolism and plays a major role in glucose homeostasis. Liver is the main control center for glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis which are essential to provide energy for other tissues. Liver meets its own energy need from various sources which is mainly glucose in the fed state and fatty acids in the fasting state.

Renal Cortical Scarring: Ga-PSMA-11 PET Versus Tc-DMSA Scanning in a Case of Pyelonephritis.

We previously reported the Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-11 and Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) images of the first patient in our prospective research comparing renal Ga-PSMA-11 PET with Tc-DMSA scanning in adults with pyelonephritis. Here, we present the renal cortical Ga-PSMA-11 PET and Tc-DMSA images of our second patient, who had chronic recurring pyelonephritis and demonstrated renal parenchymal defects secondary to scarring in the kidney.

Assessing the Correlation Between Ga-PSMA-11 Renal PET Parameters and Renal Function Tests.

Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands are used for prostate cancer but also show high renal cortical uptake. In this study, we aimed to assess whether there is any correlation between renal PSMA PET parameters and renal function tests using the images of prostate cancer patients. Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT images of the patients with prostate cancer were retrospectively evaluated.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Adverse Effects and F-FDG PET/CT Findings.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatments activate T cells against tumors. Activated T cells attack not only the tumor but also healthy cells, causing an autoimmune reaction in various tissues. These immune-related adverse effects (IRAEs) cause F-FDG uptake in various tissues due to inflammation.

Renal Cortical Ga-PSMA-11 PET and Tc-DMSA Images.

Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands are novel PET radiotracers for prostate cancer. These radiotracers also localize in the normal renal cortex to a high degree and can demonstrate parenchymal defects. We recently started a prospective research study to compare Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT with Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan in adults with pyelonephritis.

99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid scan versus MRI in pyelonephritis: a meta-analysis.

Purpose: Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan is the current gold standard in detecting parenchymal changes, particularly scarring, in pyelonephritis. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is gaining popularity in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis. The aim of this study is to perform a meta-analysis on studies directly comparing MRI to DMSA scan in patients with pyelonephritis.

PET/CT Image Artifacts Caused by the Arms.

PET/CT images are usually obtained in the arms-up position in patients with no head and neck pathology and in the arms-down position to image the head and neck area. The arms usually cause artifacts regardless of up or down positioning. These artifacts include beam hardening, scatter, truncation, and cold areas (cold artifacts) in obese or large patients; motion artifacts; implanted-metal-object artifacts; and artifacts related to radiotracer extravasation at the injection site.

Assessing oral glucose and intravenous insulin loading protocol in F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography cardiac viability studies.

Oral glucose and intravenous insulin (G/I) loading protocols are commonly used in F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) cardiac viability studies. Although the amount of insulin to be given per blood glucose range has been well described in guidelines, the amount of glucose to be given is not detailed well. In this retrospective study, we aimed to assess if certain parameters, particularly the amount of glucose and insulin given, may affect F-FDG uptake in the hibernating myocardium and also determine the problems with this protocol.

Is there a difference in FDG PET findings of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast with and without coexisting DCIS?

Objectives: Studies have reported that invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) with coexisting ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) show lower metastatic potential and recurrence and better overall survival than pure IDC. In this study, we assessed F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) images of patients with newly diagnosed IDC to determine if there is any difference in PET findings in IDC-DCIS and pure IDC cases.

Methods: FDG PET/CT images of patients with newly diagnosed IDC of the breast who subsequently underwent breast surgery and had histopathology result in our records were further evaluated.

Assessing PET Parameters in Oncologic F-FDG Studies.

PET imaging, particularly oncologic applications of F-FDG, has become a routine diagnostic study. To better describe malignancies, various PET parameters are used. In F-FDG PET studies, SUV is the most commonly used parameter to measure the metabolic activity of the tumor.

Assessing the Effect of Various Blood Glucose Levels on F-FDG Activity in the Brain, Liver, and Blood Pool.

Studies have extensively analyzed the effect of hyperglycemia on F-FDG uptake in normal tissues and tumors. In this study, we measured SUV in the brain, liver, and blood pool in normoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia to understand the effect of blood glucose on F-FDG uptake and to develop a formula to correct SUV. Whole-body F-FDG PET/CT images of adults were selected for analysis.

Current Status of Radionuclide Renal Cortical Imaging in Pyelonephritis.

Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidneys that is seen more commonly in children than the adults. Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (Tc-DMSA) scanning is a radionuclide imaging study to detect renal scarring after acute pyelonephritis (a late Tc-DMSA scan) and also helps to diagnose acute pyelonephritis in febrile urinary tract infections (an acute Tc-DMSA scan). Planar imaging in multiple views (posterior and bilateral posterior oblique) is generally used.

Semiquantitative assessment of osteoblastic, osteolytic, and mixed lytic-sclerotic bone lesions on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and bone scintigraphy.

Bone scintigraphy is widely used to detect bone metastases, particularly osteoblastic ones, and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scan is useful in detecting lytic bone metastases. In routine studies, images are assessed visually. In this retrospective study, we aimed to assess the osteoblastic, osteolytic, and mixed lytic-sclerotic bone lesions semiquantitatively by measuring maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) on FDG PET/computed tomography (CT), maximum lesion to normal bone count ratio (ROImax) on bone scintigraphy, and Hounsfield unit (HU) on CT.

Prostate-specific antigen cutoff value for ordering sodium fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography bone scan in patients with prostate cancer.

The use of F-18 sodium fluoride (NaF) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) bone scan is increasing because of its higher sensitivity and specificity over standard bone scintigraphy (BS). Studies previously reported a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) cutoff value for ordering standard BS. However, this has not been determined for NaF PET yet.

Assessing F-FDG Uptake in the Sentinel Lymph Node in Breast Cancer.

F-FDG PET/CT has limited value in early breast cancer. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is the current procedure of choice to search for small metastatic deposits in the axillary lymph nodes in early breast cancer. In this retrospective study, we reevaluated F-FDG PET/CT images after locating the SLN on PET/CT with the help of SLN SPECT/CT images and assessed F-FDG uptake, particularly in the SLN.

Prognostic significance of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography-derived metabolic parameters in surgically resected clinical-N0 nonsmall cell lung cancer.

Objective: Our aim was to assess the significance of metabolic positron emission tomography (PET) parameters for the prediction of occult mediastinal lymph node metastasis (OLM) and recurrence in patients with clinical-N0 nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after surgical resection and lymph node dissection.

Materials And Methods: We evaluated 98 patients with NSCLC [52 adenocarcinoma (ADC), 46 squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC)] who had undergone initial/preoperative fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-FDG PET/CT). Eligibility criteria for participation were clinically staged as N0 and no FDG uptake in mediastinal lymph nodes on preoperative PET/CT.

F-18 fluoride uptake in primary breast cancer.

Objective: Bone-specific radiotracers are known to accumulate in breast lesions. Tc-99m diphosphonates have been widely studied in differentiating breast lesions. In this retrospective study, we aimed to assess the uptake of the bone-specific PET radiotracer, F-18 fluoride (NaF), in primary breast cancers to determine its sensitivity and to identify any differences in NaF uptake between calcified and non-calcified tumors, histological subtypes, and patients with or without axillary lymphadenopathy.

Current Status of F-FDG PET Brain Imaging in Patients with Dementia.

F-FDG PET brain imaging is commonly used in the early detection and differential diagnosis of various subtypes of dementias. F-FDG PET images are mainly evaluated visually, and semiquantitative analysis programs are also commonly used in many centers. However, visual and semiquantitative analysis carry certain limitations.

Fluorodeoxyglucose, sodium fluoride, and prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography studies for treatment response assessment in prostate cancer.

Various positron emission tomography (PET) studies are available for prostate cancer which show various successes at demonstrating primary, recurrent, or metastatic tumor and assessing response to treatment. In this case report, we will present and compare pre- and post-therapy fluorodeoxyglucose, sodium fluoride, and gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen PET images of a patient with prostate cancer.

Gallbladder activity on sodium fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography bone scan.

We incidentally identified gallbladder activity on F sodium fluoride (NaF) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) bone images in five patients. Variable degree of bowel activity is usually seen on NaF PET/CT images, and its mechanism is unknown. Gallbladder activity in our cases may indicate that hepatobiliary excretion of the F NaF is the reason for bowel activity on NaF PET/CT images.

Can Gallium-68 Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Ligand be a Potential Radiotracer for Renal Cortical Positron Emission Tomography Imaging?

Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen (Ga-68 PSMA) ligand (HBED-CC) is a new promising positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for prostate cancer. Intense renal parenchymal uptake is a physiologic finding on Ga-68 PSMA ligand PET images. Evaluation of kidneys in low intensity demonstrates excellent distribution of this radiotracer in renal parenchyma with excellent image quality and resolution.