The bidirectional links between coronavirus disease 2019 and Alzheimer's disease.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be a critical disease, particularly in the elderly and those with comorbidities. Patients with Alzheimer's disease are more vulnerable to COVID-19 consequences. The latest results have indicated some common risk factors for both diseases.

Postural stability in strabismus and amblyopia.

Background: Postural control is a complex skill based on the collaboration of dynamic sensory mechanisms, namely the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems.

Methods: A literature survey regarding postural stability in strabismus and amblyopia was conducted using databases in order to collect data for a narrative review of published reports and available literature.

Results: The results of the literature survey were analyzed to provide an overview of the current knowledge of postural stability in strabismus and amblyopia.

The Implication of Alu cDNA in the Pathogenesis of ARMD.

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD or AMD) is a progressive, sight-threatening disease. The pathogenesis of ARMD is complex, involving many factors, such as metabolic, functional, genetic, and environmental factors. Recently, long interspersed nuclear element-1 (L1)- mediated reverse transcription (RT) of RNA into cytoplasmic complementary DNA (cDNA) has been associated with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) destruction.

The functional and structural changes in the hippocampus of COVID-19 patients.

Since the hippocampus is predominantly susceptible to injuries caused by COVID-19, there are increasing data indicating the likelihood of post-infection memory loss and quickening neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. This is due to the fact that the hippocampus has imperative functions in spatial and episodic memory as well as learning. COVID-19 activates microglia in the hippocampus and induces a CNS cytokine storm, leading to loss of hippocampal neurogenesis.

Neurological pathologies in acute acquired comitant esotropia.

Background: Acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) is an uncommon subtype of esotropia characterized by sudden and usually late onset of a relatively large angle of comitant esotropia with diplopia in older children and adults.

Methods: A literature survey regarding neurological pathologies in AACE was conducted using databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, BioMed Central, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) in order to collect data for a narrative review of published reports and available literature.

Results: The results of the literature survey were analyzed to provide an overview of the current knowledge of neurological pathologies in AACE.

To prioritize treatment options for acute acquired comitant esotropia.

The management of acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) is controversial, and no clear guidelines exist to guide its treatment options. Therefore, the author proposes his idea that treatment options for AACE should be prioritized to achieve optimal outcomes with fewer potential complications for this type of esotropia. In this manner, treatment should be started with less invasive, muscle-sparing procedures while the patient is regularly checked for improvement in esotropia and diplopia.

Neurological pathologies associated with acute acquired comitant esotropia.

Previously reported cases of acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) with unknown etiologies have been reported in both children and adults. However, AACE can be associated with neurological disorders that require neuroimaging probes. The author recommends that clinicians should perform comprehensive neurological assessments to rule out neurological pathologies in AACE, especially in the presence of A or V pattern esotropia, nystagmus, or abnormal ocular and neurological indications (e.

Factors of noncompliance with prescribed eye drops in patients undergoing cataract surgery.

In the face of enormous evidence supporting the significance of using prescribed eye drops before and after cataract surgery, noncompliance is still a common issue. Improvements in cataract surgical procedures with no dedication to support patients throughout their pre-operative management and post-operative recovery deliver low-quality healthcare and may lead to substantial harm to the patient and the public. Therefore, it is vital for clinicians to carefully address the factors of noncompliance with prescribed eye drops and then educate their patients regarding this.

Brain fog as a Long-term Sequela of COVID-19.

Increasing data indicate that people infected with COVID-19 are at high risk for developing long-term neurological complications, such as "brain fog" or cognitive impairment. However, little is known about the long-term outcomes of COVID-19 survivors. This also applies to the prevalence, risk factors, and pathobiological findings associated with these consequences.

Osteoporosis, bisphosphonates, and ocular inflammation.

Background: Osteoporosis, as a musculoskeletal disease, is very common, especially in the era of aging society. It is described by a reduction in bone strength and increased risk of fractures, which are linked to considerable morbidity, mortality, and high healthcare burdens. Bisphosphonates are the most commonly used drugs to manage osteoporosis and they consequently reduce fracture risk.