Bidirectional Relationship between Chronic Kidney Disease & Periodontal Disease.

Unlabelled: Non communicable diseases (NCDs) affect the life of an individual in terms of mortality, morbidity and financial crises. Main NCDs are diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), pulmonary diseases, osteoporosis and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). About 40% of the total deaths can be controlled by eliminating the risk factors for NCDs.

Bidirectional relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease: review of evidence.

Presently there are 170 million diabetic patients worldwide. Pakistan ranks sixth in the world with approximately 6.2 million in the 20-79 year age affected by the diabetes.

A map of natural fluoride in drinking water in Pakistan.

Aim: The assessment of fluoride levels in domestic water supplies in Pakistan.

Method: Water samples were collected from sources supplying the majority of the population: taps in places where piped water supply was available, tube-wells, boreholes and wells in rural areas, and stream water where appropriate.

Results: Analysis of 987 water supplies showed that they are predominantly low in fluoride content, 84% containing less than 0.