The denervation or activation of renal sympathetic nerve and renal blood flow.

The denervation or activation of the sympathetic nerve in the kidney can affect renal hemodynamics. The sympathetic nervous system regulates the physiological functions of the kidneys. Stimulation of sympathetic efferent nerves affects various parameters related to renal hemodynamics, including sodium excretion, renin secretion, and renal blood flow (RBF).

The role of Mas receptor on renal hemodynamic responses to angiotensin II administration in chronic renal sympathectomized male and female rats.

Background And Purpose: Renal hemodynamics is influenced by renal sympathetic nerves and the renin-angiotensin system. On the other hand, renal sympathetic denervation impacts kidney weight by affecting renal hemodynamics. The current study evaluated the role of the Mas receptor on renal hemodynamic responses under basal conditions and in response to angiotensin II (Ang II) in chronic renal sympathectomy in female and male rats.

Renal Denervation Influences Angiotensin II Types 1 and 2 Receptors.

The sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) are two critical regulatory systems in the kidney which affect renal hemodynamics and function. These two systems interact with each other so that angiotensin II (Ang II) has the presynaptic effect on the norepinephrine secretion. Another aspect of this interaction is that the sympathetic nervous system affects the function and expression of local RAS receptors, mainly Ang II receptors.

Comparing the effects of crocin at different doses on excitability and long-term potentiation in the CA1 area, as well as the electroencephalogram responses of rats under chronic stress.

Stress adversely affects the cellular and electrophysiological mechanisms of memory; however, crocin has beneficial effects on brain functions. Nonetheless, the electrophysiological effects of using this active saffron component at different doses are not yet studied in rats under chronic restraint stress. Therefore, this study compared the impact of crocin at different doses on the excitability and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 area of rats, as well as their electroencephalogram (EEG) responses, hippocampal and frontal cortical glucose levels under chronic restraint stress (an emotional stress model).

Hydroalcoholic Tarooneh Extract (Spathe of Phoenix Dactylifera) Increased Sedative-hypnotic Effects and Modulated Electroencephalography Brain Waves in Anesthetized Rats.

Background: Spathe of phoenix dactylifera is hard-covering envelope of date palm which is mentioned as a nerve relief in ancient medicine books. In this experiment, three extract doses used in sleeping time, sedative efficacy, and electroencephalography (EEG) protocol to show different aspects of extract effects on sleep.

Materials And Methods: In three sleeping time, anesthesia time and EEG experiment protocols test group containing three extract doses (62.

The Effect of Sneezing on the Reduction of Infarct Volume and the Improvement of Neurological Deficits in Male Rats.

Background: Sneezing transiently elevates cerebral blood flow. We speculated that induced sneezing, following embolism would restore arterial flow, thereby diminishing infarct volume and improving neurological deficits.

Materials And Methods: Male rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using prepared clots (embolization) and randomized into four equal groups as follows: (1) pre-MCAO-induced sneezing (PRMIS), (2) post-MCAO-induced sneezing (POMIS), and (3) pre- and POMIS (PRPOMIS) and the control group (eight rats per group).

Effects of Crocin on Learning and Memory in Rats Under Chronic Restraint Stress with Special Focus on the Hippocampal and Frontal Cortex Corticosterone Levels.

Background: Chronic stress adversely influences brain functions while crocin, as an effective component of saffron, exhibits positive effects on memory processes. This study investigated the effects of different doses of crocin on the improvement of learning and memory as well as corticosterone (CORT) levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats subjected to chronic stress.

Materials And Methods: Forty male rats were randomly allocated to five different groups ( = 8): Control, sham; stress (6 h/day for 21 days) groups, and two groups receiving daily intraperitoneal injections of one of two doses (30 and 60 mg/kg) of crocin accompanied by 21 days of restraint stress.

The influence of electrical stimulation on dorsal raphe nucleus with different current intensities on morphine-induced conditioned place preference in male rats.

Introduction: The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) influences a wide range of behavioral and physiological processes. The purpose of the present study was to test the effects of electrical stimulation of the DRN with different current intensities on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP).

Materials And Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided for experimental groups (n=7).

Effects of Temporary Inactivation and Electrical Stimulation of the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus on Morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference.

Background: The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) influences a wide range of behavioral and reward function. In this study, we evaluated electrical stimulation and inactivation of DRN on morphine conditioned place preference (CPP).

Methods: The rats were anesthetised (n = 7 for each group) and the electrode and cannula were implanted into the DRN by stereotaxic instrument.

The effect of intra-ventral hippocampus administration of TRPV1 agonist and antagonist on spatial learning and memory in male rats.

Background: The role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in peripheral nervous system has been studied well but its role in the central nervous system remains to be studied in detail. The expression of TRPV1 receptors in hippocampus is suggesting that they may play an important role in higher cognitive functions such as learning and memory.

Methods: In the present study, the role of TRPV1 receptors in acquisition and retrieval of spatial memory of male Wistar rats was evaluated by intra-ventral hippocampus administration of TRPV1 selective agonist (OLDA) and antagonist (AMG9810) using Morris water maze.

Regulatory effects of chronic low-dose morphine on nitric oxide level along with baroreflex sensitivity in two-kidney one-clip hypertensive rats.

Introduction: Opiates are traditionally used for treatment of some acute heart disorders. There are only few reports on the effects of long-term treatment of cardiovascular diseases with morphine. This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic low-dose morphine use on the cardiovascular system in two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats.

Involvement of β-adrenergic receptor of nucleus tractus solitarius in changing of baroreflex sensitivity by estrogen in female rats.

Background: Arterial baroreflex (ABR) is an important factor in preventing of blood pressure fluctuations that determined by baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Estrogen is an ovarian hormone that has influence on ABR. The mechanism of this effect of estrogen unknown and may be mediated by β-adrenergic receptor of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), an important area in regulation of baroreflex.

Effect of co-administration of morphine and nicotine on cardiovascular function in two-kidney one clip hypertensive (2K1C) rats.

Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are potentiated with smoking and hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of morphine and nicotine co-administration on cardiovascular function in two-kidney one-clip hypertensive (2K1C) rats. Thirty-two male rats were divided into four groups as follow: Vehicle, morphine, nicotine and nicotine + morphine.

Role of cuneiform nucleus in regulation of sympathetic vasomotor tone in rats.

The cuneiform nucleus (CnF) is a sympathoexcitatory area involved in the central cardiovascular regulation. Its role in the maintaining vasomotor tone has, however, not yet been clarified. In the present study the effects of cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) a nonselective synapse blocker and NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors on resting mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate of CnF have been evaluated.

Coronary angiogenesis during experimental hypertension: is it reversible?

Background: We investigated coronary angiogenesis and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its soluble receptor-1 (sFlt-1) concentrations in two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats before and after reversal of hypertension.

Methods: THE ANIMAL GROUPS WERE: (i) sham-clipped for 12 weeks; (ii) 2K1C for 12 weeks; (iii) sham-clipped for 12 weeks and unclipped for 12 weeks; and (iv) 2K1C for 12 weeks and unclipped for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken before experiments and after clipping and unclipping; capillary density was also evaluated.

Effect of acute and chronic hypertension on short- and long-term spatial and avoidance memory in male rats.

It has been demonstrated that hypertension can lead to coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and memory loss. In this study we investigated the effect of acute and chronic hypertension on the avoidance and spatial learning and memory in rats. The forty male rats were divided into acute hypertensive, chronic hypertensive and control for each group rats.