Feature selectivity and invariance in marsupial primary visual cortex.

A fundamental question in sensory neuroscience revolves around how neurons represent complex visual stimuli. In mammalian primary visual cortex (V1), neurons decode intricate visual features to identify objects, with most being selective for edge orientation, but with half of those also developing invariance to edge position within their receptive fields. Position invariance allows cells to continue to code an edge even when it moves around.

Hospital waste management system in Kermanshah: challenges, future and sustainable management with circular economy.

Proper hospital waste management poses important concerns due to the risk capacity of hospital waste to health and the environment. Healthcare management approaches have changed in recent years, motivated by the desire to minimize the environmental impact. The review aims to examine the current HCW and considers the local challenges associated with establishing a circular economy (CE) to improve hospital waste management regarding training along Plan, Do, Check, and Act (PDCA).

Learning from an experience, challenges and approaches in the workplace during COVID-19 pandemic: a content analysis of international documents.

Background: This study aims to investigate international measures for pandemic control in the workplace based on guidelines from international organizations to learn from their experiences.

Methods: We conducted a qualitative study using content analysis. The search method involved reviewing published guidelines on preventing and responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in workplaces.

Data-driven modelling of visual receptive fields: comparison between the generalized quadratic model and the nonlinear input model.

: Neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) display a range of sensitivity in their response to translations of their preferred visual features within their receptive field: from high specificity to a precise position through to complete invariance. This visual feature selectivity and invariance is frequently modeled by applying a selection of linear spatial filters to the input image, that define the feature selectivity, followed by a nonlinear function that combines the filter outputs, that defines the invariance, to predict the neural response. We compare two such classes of model, that are both popular and parsimonious, the generalized quadratic model (GQM) and the nonlinear input model (NIM).

A study of indoor air pollution caused by disinfection equipment as a consequence of infectious waste management.

Infectious waste disinfection is an essential process in medical waste management that may cause release of some pollutants. In this study, the PAHs concentration at the disinfection was investigated. The change in the release rate of PAHs in two including infectious waste reduction and increasing the segregation ratio was estimated.

Characterization of extracellular spike waveforms recorded in wallaby primary visual cortex.

Extracellular recordings were made from 642 units in the primary visual cortex (V1) of a highly visual marsupial, the Tammar wallaby. The receptive field (RF) characteristics of the cells were objectively estimated using the non-linear input model (NIM), and these were correlated with spike shapes. We found that wallaby cortical units had 68% regular spiking (RS), 12% fast spiking (FS), 4% triphasic spiking (TS), 5% compound spiking (CS) and 11% positive spiking (PS).

Socioeconomic Status and Domostic Violence Interact in Perdict of Quality of Life in Married Women: A Population-Based Study in Westeren Iran.

Objective: Women's quality of life is essential both for women's and their family's health. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of life status and interaction of subjective socioeconomic status and violence, on quality of life of married women in west of Iran.

Materials And Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that recruited 1533 married women using multi-stages sampling method.

Microplastic abundance, distribution, and characterization in freshwater sediments in Iran: a case study in Kermanshah city.

This paper focuses on abundance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in freshwater sediments of Sarab Niloofar Lake, Kermanshah, Iran. After selecting an appropriate method for extraction of MPs, the characterization such as polymer types, surface morphology, and trace elements has been determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopic, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis, respectively. The results highlighted that all sampling locations were contaminated by MP abundance ranged from 1733.

Trauma and its consequences in Iran: cross-cultural adaption and validation of the Global Psychotrauma Screen in a representative sample.

Background: Potentially traumatic events may lead to the development of a wide range of adverse psychological responses, including symptoms of anxiety, depression, and (complex) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite the high prevalence of potentially traumatic events in Iran, there is no population data nor evidence-based instrument to screen for cross-diagnostic psychological responses to trauma. The Global Psychotrauma Screen (GPS) is a transdiagnostic self-report instrument for the detection of trauma-related symptoms, as well as risk and protective factors related to the impact of potentially traumatic events.

Investigating geographical accessibility and site suitability of medical laboratories in Kermanshah-Iran.

Introduction: One of the major challenges in developing countries is the inappropriate spatial distribution of medical laboratory centers (MLCs) which can lead to injustice in access to health services. This study aimed to investigate the accessibility to and site suitability of MLCs in Kermanshah Metropolis by GIS.

Materials And Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from the Iran Statistical Center and Deputy of Treatment of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

Optimizing parameters of the Pulsed Dye Laser (PDL, 585-nm) for hemangioma treatment using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

Introduction: The lack of objectivity options for a specific individualized therapy might cause challenges in laser treatment. In other words, we need optimally determined laser parameters for less side effects. Generally, laser treatment procedures seem to be subjective.

The role of risk perception, risk communication, and demographic factors in COVID-19 preventive behaviors: an online survey in Iran.

Objectives: This study investigated preventive behaviors toward coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and related factors in a Kurdish Iranian sample.

Methods: This online survey was conducted among the population aged 18 and above in Kermanshah Province, in western Iran, in April 2020. Samples were invited and recruited through social media.

Investigating Global Spatial Patterns of Diarrhea-Related Mortality in Children Under Five.

Objective: Investigating the trends of child diarrhea-related mortality (DRM) is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of its prevention and control efforts worldwide. This study explores the spatial patterns of diarrhea-related mortality in children under five for monitoring and designing effective intervention programs.

Methods: The data used in this study was obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO) public dataset that contained data from 195 countries from the year 2000 to 2017.

How Stimulus Statistics Affect the Receptive Fields of Cells in Primary Visual Cortex.

We studied the changes that neuronal receptive field (RF) models undergo when the statistics of the stimulus are changed from those of white Gaussian noise (WGN) to those of natural scenes (NSs), by fitting the models to multielectrode data recorded from primary visual cortex (V1) of female cats. This allowed the estimation of both a cascade of linear filters on the stimulus, as well as the static nonlinearities that map the output of the filters to the neuronal spike rates. We found that cells respond differently to these two classes of stimuli, with mostly higher spike rates and shorter response latencies to NSs than to WGN.

Social Determinants of Adherence to COVID-19 Preventive Guidelines in Iran: A Qualitative Study.

Introduction: Adherence to COVID-19 preventative guidelines may be influenced by a variety of factors at the individual, societal, and institutional levels. The current study sought to investigate the social factors of adherence to those preventive measures from the perspective of health professionals.

Methods: In October 2020, we performed qualitative research in Tehran, Iran, using the directed content analysis method.

Social determinants of adherence to COVID-19 preventive guidelines: a comprehensive review.

Adherence to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preventive guidelines (ACPG) is an important strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic effectively. The present study aimed to identify and summarize the social determinants of ACPG among the general population. A comprehensive review was performed from December 2019 to February 2021 through searching electronic databases.

Survey on the indexes of health equity in the physical environment and infrastructures of Kermanshah province, Iran.

Background: Health equity is directly associated with the proper distribution of resources, the existence of infrastructures, and the balanced physical environment. The present study aimed to survey the indexes of health equity in the physical environment and infrastructures of Kermanshah province based on the national indexes.

Results: The results revealed that access to transportation, health centers, solid waste management, and green and sports per capita had the least distance from the negative ideal whereas the noise pollution index had the greatest distance.

Spatial modeling of mortality from acute lower respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age in 2000-2017: a global study.

Background: Over the past few decades, various goals have been defined to reduce the mortality of children caused by acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) worldwide. However, few spatial studies to date have reported on ALRI deaths.

Purpose: We aimed to assess the spatial modeling of mortality from ALRI in children under 5 years of age during 2000-2017 using a global data.

Learning receptive field properties of complex cells in V1.

There are two distinct classes of cells in the primary visual cortex (V1): simple cells and complex cells. One defining feature of complex cells is their spatial phase invariance; they respond strongly to oriented grating stimuli with a preferred orientation but with a wide range of spatial phases. A classical model of complete spatial phase invariance in complex cells is the energy model, in which the responses are the sum of the squared outputs of two linear spatially phase-shifted filters.

Quality of life of HIV-infected individuals: insights from a study of patients in Kermanshah, Iran.

Background: Quality of life (QOL) is one of the major factors to assessing the health and wellbeing of People living with HIV (PLWH). Likewise, improved QOL is among the prominent goals of patient treatment. This study was conducted to investigate the QOL of PLWH in Kermanshah, Iran.

Analysis of extracellular spike waveforms and associated receptive fields of neurons in cat primary visual cortex.

Key Points: Extracellular spikes recorded in the visual cortex (Area 17/18, V1) are commonly classified into either regular-spiking (RS) or fast-spiking (FS). Using multi-electrode arrays positioned in cat V1 and a broadband stimulus, we show that there is also a distinct class with positive-spiking (PS) waveforms. PS units were associated mainly with non-oriented receptive fields while RS and FS units had orientation-selective receptive fields.

A study of 0-14-year-old children's access to health centers in rural areas using a buffer model (a case study of villages based in Kermanshah province, Iran).

Introduction: Children are among the most vulnerable groups in society, whose health is of prominent significance. Moreover, as a group of clients with special needs in the health care system, they require special attention. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the 0-14-year-old children's access to health centers in rural areas of Kermanshah Province, Iran.

Photocatalytic degradation of cephalexin by UV activated persulfate and Fenton in synthetic wastewater: optimization, kinetic study, reaction pathway and intermediate products.

We used Low pressure mercury vapor lamp activated of Sodium Persulfate (UV/SPS) and Fenton processes in two separate reactors to comparison of cephalexin (CPX) degradation in aqueous solution. The effect of pH, initial concentration of SPS, concentration of CPX, concentration of HO and concentration of Fe on the degradation of CPX were investigated. The residue of CPX and metabolites were determined by HPLC and GC/MS.