A review of antibiotic misuse and bacterial resistance in Iraq.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to healthcare globally. Reviewing current practice regarding antibiotic prescription and use is crucial to understanding antimicrobial resistance issues in Iraq and how to tackle them.

Aim: To review and analyse studies addressing antimicrobial resistance as well as antibiotic prescription, dispensing and use in Iraq.

Pharmacy faculty experiences with student academic entitlement: a multinational study from the Arab world.

Academic Entitlement (AE) is the expectation by students to receive high grades or preferential treatment without significant effort. Exploring AE from faculty perspective has not been investigated in Arab colleges of pharmacy. The aim of this study was to explore experiences and perceptions towards student AE among pharmacy faculty in the Arab World.

Assessment of Academic Resilience and Its Associated Factors Among Pharmacy Students in Twelve Countries.

Objective: Academic resilience, a critical determinant of academic achievement, is affected by various factors. There is a paucity of large-scale international assessments of academic resilience among pharmacy students. Therefore, this study aimed to assess academic resilience among pharmacy students in 12 countries and to evaluate factors associated with their academic resilience levels.

Adopting video assignments as a tool to improve first-year pharmacy students class engagement.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of video assignments as a tool to improve students' engagement and maximize their benefit from the assigned homework in a pharmaceutical calculations course.

Methods: This was an intervention study, including the use of a new electronic educational tool. The study was conducted during the academic year 2021-2022.

Academic Entitlement Among Pharmacy Students in the Arab World: A Multi-National Exploratory Study.

Objective: The study's aim was to explore academic entitlement among pharmacy students in different pharmacy colleges in the Arab World and assess associated factors.

Methods: This study design was a cross-sectional survey. Data were collected using a self-administered electronic questionnaire posted across pharmacy college networks in 10 Arab countries (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates).

Factors impacting job satisfaction among pharmacists in the Arab world: A qualitative study.

Purpose: This study was undertaken to investigate in-depth the factors impacting job satisfaction among pharmacists in the Arab world and the challenges they encounter in their career path. The outcome of this study should help the local policymakers to take corrective actions to improve pharmacist's satisfaction and therefore enhance quality of patient care.

Method: This qualitative study collected responses of pharmacists from 12 Arab countries, as part of a large quantitative survey.

Evaluation of grit and its associated factors among undergraduate pharmacy students from 14 Asian and Middle Eastern countries amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: Grit is proposed as an essential trait for academic achievement. Thus, evaluating its current status and the associated factors could aid academic support planning.

Objective: The present study aimed to assess grit level and its related factors among undergraduate pharmacy students from 14 countries amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Assessment of mental wellbeing of undergraduate pharmacy students from 14 countries: The role of gender, lifestyle, health-related, and academic-related factors.

Background: Pharmacy students will assume future roles as frontline healthcare providers. Therefore, evaluating their current state of mental wellbeing and its associated factors is essential for better planning students' support initiatives. This study aimed to assess mental wellbeing and its associated factors among undergraduate pharmacy students from 14 countries during the pandemic.

The whole experience of public hospital physicians from several specialties with biopharmaceutical effectiveness, safety, adverse drug reactions and interchangeability: A qualitative study.

Background: Although there is increasing support for biosimilar medicines by the Iraqi Ministry of Health (MOH), there is scarce information about whether physicians accept these medicines and support movement toward replacing reference medicines with their biosimilar counterparts.

Objectives: The study objectives were to 1) explore in-depth the perceptions of Iraqi physicians working in public hospitals about the difference in effectiveness and safety between biosimilar medicines and their reference biological counterparts 2) evaluate physicians' barriers to prescribing biosimilar medicines, 3) assess the adherence of physicians to the new pharmacovigilance regulations on reporting biopharmaceutical adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and 4) identify any barriers facing physicians to reporting biopharmaceutical- ADRs.

Methods: This qualitative study included face-to-face and virtual semi-structured interviews involving physicians from different disciplines who had experience with biological or biosimilar medicines.

What might COVID-19 patients experience after recovery? A comprehensive review.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to describe the COVID-19 complications after recovery.

Methods: The researchers systematically reviewed studies that reported post-COVID-19 complications from three databases: PubMed, Google Scholar and the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 database. The search was conducted between 21 November 2020 and 14 January 2021.

Exploring job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals in the Arab world: a multi-country study.

Objectives: The study objectives were to (1) describe the characteristics of the pharmacy professionals and (2) explore the association between job satisfaction and factors, such as work control, work stress, workload and organization and professional commitments.

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional design. The survey items were mainly adapted from the US National Pharmacist Workforce Survey.

A comprehensive review of drivers influencing flu vaccine acceptance in the Middle East over the last six years: using Health Belief Model.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to review the literature covering the perceptions about influenza vaccines in the Middle East and to determine factors influencing the acceptance of vaccination using Health Belief Model (HBM).

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Three keywords were used: Influenza vaccine, perceptions and Middle East.

Pharmaceutical regulations in Iraq: from medicine approval to postmarketing.

Background: Recent information on regulation of the pharmaceutical sector in Iraq is scarce.

Aims: This report summarizes the regulations governing pharmaceutical products in Iraq, assesses the challenges faced and makes recommendations to tackle these issues.

Methods: The Iraq pharmaceutical country profile 2020, prepared by the Iraqi Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020, was the main source of information.

Organization factors influencing nurse ability to prevent and detect adverse drug events in public hospitals using a patient safety model.

Unlabelled: of this study was to measure organization factors that can influence the ability of nursing staff to prevent and detect ADEs in public hospitals using Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model.

Methods: This was a multi-center cross-sectional study. The study included a self-administered paper-based survey which was distributed and collected between October through December 2019.

Can developing countries face novel coronavirus outbreak alone? The Iraqi situation.

Iraq is one of seven Arabic countries (Lebanon, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and Saudi Arabia) that acquired novel coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) via people who have visited Iran recently. Iraqi outdated public healthcare settings are already overwhelmed with many acute injuries from ongoing unrest. Iraq faces six challenges in controlling COVID-19 [1]: A shortage in number of quarantine facilities [2], the availability of the testing which is limited to one governmental lab only in Baghdad [3], a shortage in personal protective equipment (PPE) and ambulances [4], a low level of public awareness [5], a shortage in hygiene preparations and [6] a high rate of antibiotic resistance in case of secondary bacterial infection.

The Pharmacist's Missing Role in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). In Wuhan, China, the disease was first identified in December 2019 and has since spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic. Several countries across the world are facing a shortage in frontline providers, while pharmacists are asked to cut working hours during this pandemic fight.

Exploring the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers and general population using health belief model.

Rationale, Aims And Objectives: Little is known about hesitancy to receive the COVID-19 vaccines. The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the perceptions of healthcare workers (HCWs) and the general population regarding the COVID-19 vaccines, (2) to evaluate factors influencing the acceptance of vaccination using the health belief model (HBM), and (3) to qualitatively explore the suggested intervention strategies to promote the vaccination.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on electronic survey data that was collected in Iraq during December first-19th, 2020.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare providers: save the frontline fighters.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare providers (HCPs) at personal and professional levels.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. It was conducted using an electronic format survey through Qualtrics Survey Software in English.

Evaluating the use of informational technologies by students of healthcare colleges for academic purposes over a five-year period.

This study aimed to assess the extent to which healthcare students use five informational technologies for daily academic purposes and to examine the changes in student perceptions toward these technologies over five years. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study in 10 different colleges in seven governorates. We conducted a survey using the instruments developed from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM).

The Epidemic of Substandard and Falsified Medications in Iraq: Evaluating the Effectiveness of National Pharmacovigilance Alerts to Community Pharmacies.

Background: Assessing Iraqi experience with the impact of substandard and falsified (S/F) medicines can help other countries deal comprehensively with the underlying causes of this multifactorial problem. The tools used in this study to assess strategies to prevent the use of S/F medications can be used in other developing countries. This study investigated the problem of S/F medications at three levels: the Ministry of Health (MOH), pharmaceutical company representatives, and community pharmacists.

Assessment of COVID-19 Treatment containing both Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: A natural clinical trial.

Unlabelled: The goal of this study was to assess the clinical effectiveness and safety profile of the COVID-19 treatment protocol (containing both hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and azithromycin) in an Iraqi specialised hospital.

Methods: This prospective study used a pre- and post-intervention design without a comparison group. The intervention was routine Ministry of Health (MOH) approved the management of COVID-19 for all patients.

Barriers to healthcare access for Arabic-speaking population in an English-speaking country.

Objective: To identify barriers to healthcare access, to assess the health literacy levels of the foreign-born Arabic speaking population in Iowa, USA and to measure their prevalence of seeking preventive healthcare services.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of native Arabic speaking adults involved a focus group and an anonymous paper-based survey. The focus group and the Andersen Model were used to develop the survey questionnaire.

Pharmacist role to enhance the prescribing of hospital discharge medications for patients after heart attack.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the cardiologist adherence with ACC/AHA guidelines on discharge medications for patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), assess the predictors of cardiologist non-adherence and measure the impact of pharmacist intervention on improving guideline adherence.

Methods: The study included two consecutive phases: observation and intervention. It was carried out at Al-Najaf Center for Cardiac Surgery and Catheterization, Iraq, from August through December 2018.