Investigation of immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effects of shed snake skin () extract.

Introduction: Shed snake skin (SSS) is commonly used empirically in ethnomedicine to treat psoriasis, acne, warts, eczema, scabies, open wounds, hemorrhoids, and glaucoma. Although a few studies exist, SSS extracts' immunological effects have yet to be well described. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of SSS extract on murine lymphocytes and T cells.

A retrospective study of pet owners' complaints against veterinary practices in Türkiye (2012-2021).

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine in detail the complaints against veterinarians submitted by pet owners and evaluated by the Turkish Veterinary Medical Association in Türkiye, with the aim to create awareness among Turkish veterinarians about the nature of the complaints and how they might reduce the risk of making medical errors.

Sample: 127 files of complaints.

Methods: A total of 127 written complaints from pet owners filed between January 2012 and December 2021 were analyzed.