Estimating the lifetime risk of a false positive screening test result.

False positive results in screening tests have potentially severe psychological, medical, and financial consequences for the recipient. However, there have been few efforts to quantify how the risk of a false positive accumulates over time. We seek to fill this gap by estimating the probability that an individual who adheres to the U.

When Pigs Fly: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Navigating a Critical Heparin Shortage.

A recent outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in China has claimed the lives of millions of pigs, and although this virus has no health impacts on humans, the disruption of the global pig population has far-reaching negative impacts on economic and pork-derived products, including the creation of the critical drug heparin. The active pharmaceutical ingredient in heparin is derived from pig intestines, and because of the ASF outbreak, the U.S.

Family orientation group as a strategy for care in chemical codependency.

Objectives: To determine the importance of the family support group in the treatment of codependency, based in reports made by relatives of a therapeutic community for drug addicts.

Methods: Study conducted in a therapeutic community for alcohol and other drug addicts in a city in the southern extreme of Brazil. This is a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research with eight drug addict relatives.

(In)visibility of notifications of violence against children and adolescents registered in a municipality in southern Brazil.

Objectives: To know the perception of health, education and social service professionals about the records and notifications of violence against children and adolescents, carried out in a municipality in the south of Brazil.

Methods: This is an exploratory, descriptive, and qualitative approach, specifically developed in places that integrate children and adolescents victims of violence. Ten professionals participated, including three nurses, one doctor, two social workers, two psychologists, one tutor, and one educator.

Protection of children and adolescents victims of violence: the views of the professionals of a specialized service.

Objectives: To know the obstacles faced by the professionals to work in network and challenges of the work of the professionals in the Reference Center Specialized in Social Assistance (CREAS) of a municipality in the extreme south of Brazil.

Methods: It is a qualitative study, developed with twelve professionals of a CREAS. Data collection was performed through a semi-structured interview, from April to May 2016.

Reporting of violence against children and adolescents in a protective institution in southern Brazil.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the reports of violence against children and adolescents in the period between January 2009 and May 2014 in a municipality protection institution of Rio Grande, RS.

Methods: This is a descriptive and documentary study with a quantitative approach that analyzed 800 medical records of Specialized Reference Center for Social Assistance (CREAS), from the development of a research instrument containing the study variables.

Results: The results show that 44.

Socioeconomic status and epithelial ovarian cancer survival in Sweden.

Purpose: To investigate socioeconomic disparities in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) survival in Sweden.

Methods: A cohort of 635 women with invasive EOC who participated in a nationwide population-based case-control study was included in the present population-based prospective study. Women were diagnosed with EOC between 1993 and 1995.

Clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of childhood Burkitt's lymphoma at the Uganda Cancer Institute.

Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is a major cause of death among Ugandan children. We studied clinical characteristics and outcomes of childhood BL over time at the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI). A total of 1217 children (766 boys, 451 girls, mean age 6.

Safety and protection for hospitalized children: literature review.

This narrative-descriptive review is about the safety/protection of hospitalized children who, due to their fragility, vulnerability and peculiar growth and development conditions need special attention from health professionals. This study aimed to identify knowledge production on safety, protection and violence to hospitalized children between 1997 and 2007. In total, 15 national and international articles were analyzed, using the key words: hospitalized child, safety, violence and nursing.

Violence against children and adolescents: A challenge in the daily work of the nursing team.

This article aims to reflect on various forms of violence against children and adolescents practiced in the family context, and the importance of professional nursing care in view of this phenomenon. We discuss possibilities of care and violence prevention as well as the problems violence causes to society. Violence is a social and historical problem, constructed in society, and needs to be adequately addressed in academic nursing education.

[Violence against children from the perspective of the nurse: an issue of health and education].

This paper is about aspects related to the theme of violence and its implications in Health, Nursing and Education. It focuses on the importance of the education of the professional to face the problem of intrafamilial violence against children by stressing the nurse's role as an educator and by interpreting it within the context of the author's experience with children who are victims of intrafamilial violence.

A review of specific dietary antioxidants and the effects on biochemical mechanisms related to neurodegenerative processes.

Aging is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). An unbalanced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may give rise to oxidative stress which can induce neuronal damage, ultimately leading to neuronal death by apoptosis or necrosis. A large body of evidence indicates that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and ALS.

Nutritional antioxidants as antidegenerative agents.

In this study, primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons were prepared from eight-day-old Wistar rats, and maintained in an appropriate medium containing a high (25 mM) concentration of KCl. All experiments were performed with fully differentiated neurons (eight days). To induce apoptosis, culture medium was replaced with a serum-free medium (containing 5 mM KCl) eight days after plating.

The effect of caloric restriction on the aortic tissue of aging rats.

Connective tissue shows peculiar and complex age-related modifications, which can be, at least in part, responsible for altered functions and increased susceptibility to diseases. Food restriction has long been known to prolong life in rodents, having antiaging effects on a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes. Therefore, the aorta has been investigated in rats fed normal or hypocaloric diet, from weaning to senescence.

Subunit and region-specific decreases in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA in the aged rat brain.

We have investigated possible changes in the mRNA levels for several alpha and beta subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and the level of binding for nicotinic ligands in 7- to 32-month-old rats. Alpha4 and beta2, and to a lesser extent alpha6 and beta3, mRNA levels showed decreases between 20 and 30% at 29 months of age which in some areas reached 50% at 32 months of age. Alpha7 showed a small increase from 7 to 14 months and then a progressive decrease from 14 to 32 months down to the 7-month levels.

Dietary restriction modulates synaptic structural dynamics in the aging hippocampus.

A computer-assisted morphometric study has been carried out on the synaptic ultrastructural features in the hippocampus of 14-month old (DR14) and 27-month old (DR27) dietary restricted (-50% lipids and -35% carbohydrates) rats. Age-matched controls were maintained on an ad libitum (AL) feeding schedule. Synaptic numeric density (Nv), surface density (Sv) and average area (S) were the parameters measured.

A reduced calorie-high fiber diet retards age-associated decreases in muscarinic receptor sensitivity.

The effects of a reduced calorie-high fiber diet (RCHF) were examined on three cholinergic signal transduction (ST) parameters: (a) oxotremorine enhancement of K(+)-evoked dopamine release and (b) carbachol-stimulated low KM GTPase activity [an indicator of muscarinic receptor (mAChR)-G protein coupling/uncoupling], and (c) [3H]Quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) autoradiography. Comparisons were made among: young control (6 months), old normal control, old reduced calorie high fiber [both 24 months)]. The results indicated that old reduced calorie high fiber rats (1900 kcal/kg/day, 2.

Aging prolongs the stress-induced release of noradrenaline in rat hypothalamus.

A stress-induced increase in noradrenaline (NA) release was measured by intracerebral microdialysis in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of freely moving Wistar-Kyoto rats at three different ages (6, 18 and 24 months). NA levels in 20-min dialysate samples were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Microdialysis sampling was done at the baseline during a 20-min immobilization stress and for the next 100 min.

Effect of oxiracetam on scopolamine-induced amnesia in the rat in a spatial learning task.

The effects of the nootropic agent 4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidinoacetamide (oxiracetam) on memory and performance impairments induced by scopolamine were evaluated in the Morris water maze task. No effect was seen on the performance of rats when treated with oxiracetam (30 mg/kg, IP) alone. Task performance of scopolamine (0.

Correlation between electroencephalogram isoelectric time and hippocampal norepinephrine levels, measured by microdialysis, during ischemia in rats.

It is suggested that norepinephrine (NE) plays a role during transient forebrain ischemia. NE may have a protective action against neuronal cell death in the hippocampus, or it may be one of the causes of injurious ischemic effects. We used the microdialysis technique to study extracellular NE levels in the rat hippocampus before, during, and after 30 min of transient incomplete forebrain ischemia (induced by four-vessel occlusion) to describe the time course of NE in this condition.